Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Yield and Fruit Quality Attributes as Affected by Varieties and Growth Conditions

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1 World Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 2 (6): , 206 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 206 DOI: /idosi.wjs Tomto (Solnum lyopersium L.) Yield nd Fruit Qulity Attriutes s Affeted y Vrieties nd Growth Conditions 2 2 Yeirzf Yeshiws, Derew Belew nd Kssye Toless Dere Mrkos University, Deprtment of Hortiulture, 2 Jimm University College of Agriulture nd Veterinry Mediine, Deprtment of Hortiulture nd Plnt Sienes, Ethiopi Astrt: Tomto is one of the most widely eten vegetle in the world nd rnks first s proessing vegetle. Tomto prodution in Ethiopi is, however, fr elow the verge produtions oserved in some other ountries nd the fruits re with poor qulity. Adopting tehnologies like greenhouse, on the other hnd, promote yer round tomto prodution nd improve fruit qulity. This study evluted yield nd qulity ttriutes of four different tomto vrieties oth under greenhouse or open field onditions. The experiment ws onduted t Jimm University College of Agriulture using four different vrieties eing rrnged in RCBD. The study in generl indited tht growing tomto under greenhouse onditions inresed yield y 54% nd improved qulity ttriutes thn open field onditions. Among vrieties, Mrgloe, Moneymker nd Bishol were oserved s promising vrieties in oth growing onditions. Studies tht inluded other vrieties nd gronomil prties re needed to further sustntite the onlusion. Key words: Mrketle yield Titrle idity Shpe index Moneymker Totl solule solids INTRODUCTION fruits, however, n e oted with soil or dust prtiles nd ffet qulity nd shelf life of the fruits [8]. Tomto is the third lrgest vegetle rop fter To promote yer round tomto prodution nd potto nd sweet potto nd s proessing rop it rnks improve fruit qulity of the ountry, growing tomto in first mong ll vegetles []. Chin is the iggest tomto proteted environment (greenhouse) is one possile produer in the world with nnul prodution 34. million option. Adopting greenhouse tomto prodution in the tons [2]. In Ethiopi the re overge y tomto ws 4, ountry, llows growers to mximize their tomto rop 953 h nd prodution in tons ws 40,426 with the prodution, keep the fruits free of disese nd inset produtivity of 6.2 ton h in 205 [3]. However, the totl pests [9]. So fr no reserh hs een done to evlute prodution nd produtivity in Ethiopi is fr elow thn quntity nd qulity of fruit grown in greenhouse nd the verge of mjor produers in Afri [4]. Among mny open sun. In ddition, no vrieties were sreened for ontriuting ftors, improper mngement of proteted ultivtions system. In view of this, four tomto environmentl ftors (rinfll, frost, temperture nd (Solnum lyopersium L.) vrieties nmely: Bishol, reltive humidity) or seson dependeny is mjor, Mrgloe nd Moneymker were evluted inside prolems whih ontriute to shortge of fresh tomto greenhouse nd open field for fruit yield nd qulity t fruit to the lol nd interntionl mrket [5, 6]. Uneven Jimm university ollege of griulture nd veterinry rinfll onditions of the ountry lso limit tomto mediine (JUCAVM) during 20/202 ropping seson. prodution to few months only. This results in shortge of fresh tomto fruit in the lol mrkets nd redues MATERIALS AND METHODS inomes of the produers tht rely on the rop for their livelihood. The mrket vlues of tomtoes re lso The experiment ws onduted t Jimm University determined y fruit quntity nd qulity [7]. Field grown College of Agriulture nd Veterinry Mediine, newly Corresponding Author: Kssye Toless, Jimm University College of Agriulture nd Veterinry Mediine, P.O.Box 307Jimm, Ethiopi. 404

2 World J. Agri. Si., 2 (6): , 206 Tle : List of vrieties nd their desription Vriety nme Yer of relese Growing ltitude (m sl) Growth Hit Mturity Dys (d) Reserh Yield (q/h) e Indeterminte Moneymker Indeterminte Mrgloe Indeterminte Bishol Determinte Soure: MoARD, [4]. uilt greenhouse nd open field in the yer 20/202 Moneymker gve the highest numer of fruits per plnt ropping seson under irrigtion. The site is loted t 70, (46.4) thn ny other tomto vrieties. Tomto plnts in 33' N ltitude nd 360, 57' E longitude t n ltitude of 70 greenhouse hve grown vigorously nd hd tllest m..s.l. The re reeives n nnul rinfll of 500 mm. plnt height ompred to those grown in open sun [5]. The men mximum nd minimum tempertures were, Also the results indited tht the numer of fruits per respetively 26.8 C nd.4 C. The men mximum nd plnt ws strongly nd positively orrelted (r = 0.36 ) minimum reltive humidity of the study site were lso with plnt height nd lef re (r = 0.69). This vigorous 9.4% nd 39.92%, respetively [0]. growth with tller plnt height nd lrger lef re Four improved tomto vrieties nmely, resulted to more numer of flower luster per plnt nd Mrgloe, Moneymker nd Bishol otined from lrger numer of fruits per plnt. This result is in Melkss griulturl reserh enter were used for oth greement with findings reported y Yerzf et l. [5]. greenhouse nd open field experiment (Tle ). In oth The uthors reported lrger men numer of fruits per experimentl onditions, the tretments were rrnged in plnt for tomto plnts grown in greenhouse thn in open Rndomized Complete Blok Design (RCBD) with three field. replitions. Seedlings were rised in nursery ed nd Growing onditions did not ffet verge fruit trnsplnted to the tul field t sping of 30 m weight per plnt. Differenes in verge fruit weight per etween plnts nd 70 m etween rows. All gronomi plnt (p<0.0), on the other hnd, ws oserved mong mngements were dopted following previous tomto vrieties grown in greenhouse. In this growing reommendtions []. Dt on growth nd physiologil ondition, vriety Bishol produed fruits with verge vriles were olleted from the middle twelve plnts nd weight of 39.2 g per plnt eing followed y (30.0 sujeted to ANOVA using SAS vr.9.2 [2]. Men g) nd Mrgloe (23.6 g). The lowest fruit weight per seprtion ws rried out using LSD (Lest Signifint plnt ws found in vriety Moneymker. This is proly Differene) test t 5% level of signifine [3]. due to lrger numer of fruits per luster nd per plnt tht ws oserved in this vriety. As the numer of fruits RESULTS AND DISCUSSION per plt inreses, ompetition mong the fruits inrese nd fruits nnot grow to their full size nd weight. Jones The results of this study indited tht numer of [8] reported similr findings nd onluded tht fruit fruits per luster differed signifintly (p< 0.05) mong numer negtively orrelted with fruit weight. tomto vrieties. Differene in growing onditions, on the Numer of fruit hrvests vried signifintly (p < other hnd, hd no ny effet on numer of fruits per 0.00) mong tomto vrieties grown under greenhouse luster (Tle 2). Vriety Moneymker nd Mrgloe, (Tle 2). Vriety Mrgloe nd Bishol hd totl of 2 respetively produed 7.28 nd 6.84 fruits per luster. to 3 pikings while in open sun these totl fruits were Numer of fruits per luster is one of the mjor riteri to hrvested in mximum of five to six rounds. Regrdless selet etter vriety for yield. In this study, numer of of growing onditions, Gnesn nd Sushini [7] fruits per luster ws positively nd strongly orrelted reported totl of nine hrvestings while, Pndey et (r = 0.8 ) with numer of flowers per luster. This l.[8] reported more fruit hrvests in greenhouse thn in indites tht the differenes mong the vrieties open field growing onditions. In ddition to the oserved in this study were therefore due to the highest vriility in growing onditions, these differenes ould numer of flowers per luster nd the suess of these losely e ssoited with vriility in the geneti flowers to develop to fruits. mkeup of the vrieties. Hrvesting numer ws lso Unlike numer of fruits per luster, numer of fruits found to positively nd strongly orrelted with plnt per plnt ws ffeted y oth growth onditions nd height (r = 0.79 ), numer of flowers per luster (r = tomto vrieties (Tle 2). Numer of fruits per plnt ws 0.69 ), numer of fruits per luster (r = 0.72 ) nd fruit higher in greenhouse thn in open field. Among vrieties, numer per plnt (r = 0.66 ). 405

3 Tle 2: World J. Agri. Si., 2 (6): , 206 Numer of fruits per luster, numer of fruit per plnt, verge fruit weight nd numer of hrvests of tomto vrieties grown under green house limte nd open field Numer of fruits per luster Numer of fruit per plnt Averge fruit weight (g) Numer of fruit hrvests Vrieties Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Bishol Mrgloe Moneymker LSD (5%).9 NS NS.29 NS CV (%) Mens followed y the sme letter within the sme olumn re not signifintly different t 5% level of signifine. Tle 3: Totl fruit yield per plnt, totl fruit yield per hetre nd mrketle fruit yield per hetre of tomto vrieties grown under green house limte nd open field Totl fruit yield (g plnt ) Totl fruit yield (t h ) Mrketle fruit yield (t h ) Vrieties Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Bishol Mrgloe Moneymker LSD (5%) NS CV (%) Mens followed y the sme letter within the sme olumn re not signifintly different t 5% level of signifine. The sttistil nlysis in this study indited tht totl rop photosynthesis [9]. Higher mount of oth growing onditions (p<0.0) nd tomto vrieties prodution supports more numer of fruits per luster nd (p<0.05) signifintly ffeted totl fruit yield per plnt more numer of lusters per plnt. Higher totl fruit yield nd lso per hetre. Totl fruit yield per plnt in the per plnt in greenhouse ompred yield in open field hve greenhouse rnged from 898 to 244 g per plnt, while lso een reported in some previous studies [e.g. 6, 20]. the orresponding figure in open sun ws from 5 to In ddition to inresed mount of fruit yield, greenhouse 505 g per plnt. Among vrieties, vriety Mrgloe nd ondition lso inresed perentges of totl mrketle Moneymker grown in greenhouse hd the highest totl fruits per plnt (Tle 3). This indites tht there ws fruit yield per plnt. In open field the highest yield ws fruit qulity improvement in greenhouse thn in open field otined from Bishol nd lso from Moneymker. onditions. Similrly, totl fruit yield per hetre rnged from 86 to 02 Fruit length, fruit dimeter nd fruit shpe index were nd 53 to 7 t/h, respetively for greenhouse nd open lso signifintly (p < 0.0, Tle 4) ffeted y growing field growing onditions (Tle 3). onditions nd tomto vrieties. Fruits hrvested from Totl fruit yield ws positively nd strongly greenhouse were longer with lrger dimeter nd higher orrelted with plnt height (r = 0.62 ), numer of flowers shpe index thn fruits hrvested from open sun. Among per luster (r = 0.84 ), numer of fruits per luster vrieties, Mrgloe hd the longest fruit with lrgest (r = 0.75 ), totl fruit numer per plnt (r = 0.36 ), numer dimeter in oth growing onditions. The lrgest fruit of lusters per plnt (r = 0.67 ) nd dry mtter ontent shpe indexes, on the other hnd, were oserved in (r = 0.75 ). Differenes in totl fruit yield in oth growth Bishol, Moneymker nd (Tle 4). onditions nd the different vrieties ould therefore e Totl solule solids vried mong vrieties grown in explined y the differenes in height of the plnt, numer greenhouse. In open field, however, the vritions in TSS of fruit per luster nd numer of lusters per plnt. mong vrieties were not signifint. Vriety grown These ll vriles were enhned under greenhouse thn in greenhouse hd the highest TSS (5.5 rix) while in open sun onditions. In ddition, high rte of Moneymker hd the lowest in oth growing onditions photosynthesis ws oserved in greenhouse thn in open (Tle 5). Regrdless of the growing onditions, the TSS sun ondition. The higher the rtes of photosynthesis, vlues oserved in this study were in the rnge of vlues the higher the mount of dry mtter prodution, i.e. higher reported y Whundeniy et l. [2] nd Lekshmi nd 406

4 World J. Agri. Si., 2 (6): , 206 Tle 4: Fruit length (m), fruit dimeter (m) nd fruit shpe index of tomto vrieties grown under green house limte nd open field Fruit length (m) Fruit dimeter (m) Fruit shpe index Vrieties Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Bishol Mrgloe Moneymker LSD (5%) CV (%) Mens followed y the sme letter within the sme olumn re not signifintly different t 5% level of signifine Tle 5: Totl solule solid ( Brix), titrtle idity, ph nd dry mtter ontent of tomto vrieties grown under green house limte nd open field Totl solule solids ( Brix) Titrtle idity (% itri id) ph Dry mtter ontent Vrieties Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Green house Open field Bishol Mrgloe Moneymker LSD (5%) 0.47 NS CV (%) Mens followed y the sme letter within the sme olumn re not signifintly different t 5% level of signifine Celine [22]. Tomto TSS is mostly omposed of reduing field ondition ws 2 to 8%. In greenhouse, vriety sugr. Thus, ny ftor, e.g. sesonl limti vrition Mrgloe umulted the highest dry mtter. In open nd hortiulturl prties tht lters surose synthesis sun, mximum dry mtter (8%) ws umulted y (photosyntheti tivity) ffets gluose nd frutose Moneymker. Dry mtter umultion ws positively nd umultion in the fruits nd TSS [7]. This study strongly orrelted (r = 0.49 ) with plnt photosyntheti indited tht TSS is lso vriety dependent. rtes. Aording to Tdhis et l. [25], differenes in Titrtle idity nd ph re the most ommonly fruit dry mtter ontent might e ttriuted to differenes used idity inditors of tomto. In this study, tomto in light use effiieny mong vrieties nd the vilility titrle idity (TA) nd ph were lso influened y oth of suitle limti onditions tht enhnes growing onditions nd differenes in tomto vrieties photosyntheti pity of these vrieties. (Tle 5). The highest TA nd ph were oserved in greenhouse thn in open field. Among vrieties, CONCLUSIONS Mrgloe hd the highest vlue for oth vriles. Tittonell et l. [23] reported tht lrge sized tomto fruit The study in generl indited tht growing hd higher idity thn smll sized fruits. Our results lso onditions nd vrietl differenes ffet yield nd qulity onfirmed this finding nd re in greement with those hrteristis of tomto fruits. Growing tomto under reported y Meseret [5]. The lower idity of the fruits greenhouse onditions improves yield vi enhning grown in open field my e result of the lower yield ontriuting hrteristis. Tomto yield per plnt photosyntheti tivity of the plnt nd lower in greenhouse ws 54% more thn the verge yield per rohydrte umultion in the fruits. Aording to plnt in open sun. Greenhouse onditions lso improved Tigist et l. [24], geneti ftor is lso the mjor tomto fruit qulity. Lrger fruits with higher shpe index determinnt tomto fruits id ontent. Similr to TA, ph nd dry mtter ontents were hrvested from tomto n esily e ffeted y differenes in vriety nd plnts grown under greenhouse onditions. In ll these mturity level of the fruit. qulity ttriutes, vriety Mrgloe, Moneymker nd Tomtoes dry mtter prodution ws lso ffeted Bishol were found s promising vrieties in oth growing y oth vrieties nd growing onditions (Tle 5). Dry onditions. Reserh is, however, needed to evlute mtter ontent of tomto grown in greenhouse rnged some other vrieties nd gronomil prties to further from 3 to 22% while the orresponding rnge in open sustntite the onlusion. 407

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