Grid integration of wind energy in Germany a scientific analysis. Kurt Rohrig, 20. Juni 2017, Chicago

Transcription

1 Grid integration of wind energy in Germany a scientific analysis Kurt Rohrig, 20. Juni 2017, Chicago

2 Introduction Spatial and temporal behaviour of wind energy Balancing of generation and demand Grid codes and ancillary services Tools and control options to support integration Market integration of wind power Conclusion

3 Fraunhofer IWES Energy System Technology Branch Kassel Our service portfolio deals with current and future challenges faced by the energy industry and energy system technology issues. We explore and develop solutions for sustainably transforming renewable based energy systems. Employees: approx. 310 Annual budget: approx. 22 Mio EUR Director: Prof. Dr. Clemens Hoffmann

4 The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in Germany Europe s largest applied research organization Undertakes research for direct use by private and public enterprises, providing a wide range of benefits to society 80 research units, including 66 Fraunhofer Institutes ca. 24,000 employees 2 billion annual research budget Oberhausen Dortmund Kassel Duisburg Schmallenberg St. Augustin Aachen Euskirchen Wachtberg St. Ingbert Bremerhaven Saarbrücken Karlsruhe Pfinztal Ettlingen Stuttgart Darmstadt Würzburg Erlangen Freiburg Bremen Kaiserslautern Itzehoe Lübeck Hannover Braunschweig Nürnberg Freising Potsdam München Rostock Magdeburg Berlin Teltow Cottbus Halle Schkopau Leipzig Dresden Jena Chemnitz Ilmenau Fürth Holzen Efringen- Kirchen Holzkirchen

5 Fraunhofer worldwide Glasgow Gothenburg Subsidiary Center Vancouver Project Center Hamilton Londo ICON / Strategic East Cooperation San José n Boston Representative Lansing Plymouth / Marketing Storrs Office College Park Newark Senior Advisor Dublin Southampton Brussels Wrocław Paris Vienna Budapest Bolzano Graz Porto Zur Lavon Jerusalem Cairo Dubai Beijing Seoul Sendai Tokyo Osaka Bangalore Kuala Lumpur Singapore Salvador Campinas São Paulo Pretoria Santiago de Chile Stellenbosch Jakarta

6 RES Development in Germany a successful story? 46 GW Wind Capacity 41 GW PV Capacity In 2016, for the first time, renewables generally supplied the largest share of gross electricity consumption (29%) and thus more than the nuclear and brown coal power plants!!!

7 Measures towards an economic and reliable integration of wind energy Detailed analysis of spatial and temporal behaviour of wind (on micro, meso and macro scale) High res wind resource maps Determination of residual load (wind power load) to estimate balancing efforts Grid compliance and grid support from wind turbines Wind power prediction and wind power management Business models and market models for wind power Absender Titel TT.MM.JJJJ Seite 7

8 Analysis of wind considering all scales Absender Titel TT.MM.JJJJ Seite 8 Absender Titel TT.MM.JJJJ Seite 8

9 Smoothing of Wind Fluctuation in Europe PLEF: Pentalateral Energy Forum Study: Wide area balancing reduces flexibility and storage efforts

10 conventional generation and additional consumers (GW) renewable generation (GW) Balancing: Demand and Generation in Germany 2050 Erneuerbare Erzeugung Konventionelle Erzeugung Erzeugung und Strombedarf in Deutschland Meteo-Jahr 2006, 15./16. Kalenderwoche GW Last TSO business Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Wochentag Simulation: Demand and generation in Germany scenario 2050 Import and DSO Export, business Sector Coupling Tool: IWES.SCOPE load PV Photovoltaik wind Wind offshore Offshore wind Wind onshore Onshore biomass Biomasse run-of-river Laufwasser Netto-Export net import Netto-Import net export residual Residuallast load rl RL - imp - Im + + exp Ex PHS PSW-Turbine turbine batteries Batteriespeicher dissch. gas Gas turb. GuD/GT /CCPP CHP BHKW gas Gas - cogen. KWK heat Wärmepumpen pumps el. E-Mobilität cars climatisation Klimatisierung batteries Batteriespeicher charge PHS PSW-Pumpe pump PtH PtG curtialment Abregelung

11 Virtual Power Plants to Manage Energy and Power Aggregation of decentral power production loads storage Central energy management system Aggregated operation strategy Tool: IWES.VPP Conceptualization of a Virtual Power Plant with NIWE in India 1

12 European Energy Scenarios - Grids ENTSO-E TYNDP 2014 North Sea Offshore Network European energy scenarios consider large-scale energy exchange and transport Study: North Sea Offshore and Storage Network

13 Grid Stability Is a secure grid and system operation with nearly 100% Renewable Energy Sources feasible?

14 Grid Codes: Essential Part of Wind Energy Integration

15 Frequency Control Control Power Provision by Wind Farms

16 Voltage Control Different Options on Different Voltage Levels Voltage support by wind turbines I B /I n 7 0,2 TransmissionCode SDLWindV 0,1-0,4 0,2 U/U n Methods to increase voltage quality 8 1 Direct connected Synchron Generators 2 Piller-Princip 3 Variation of P/Q-Curves 4 Larger Inverters P P 3 Q Q ~ = = ~ = ~ 20kV 110kV 380kV Problem: low Impact on EHV & local Voltage Control Incomplete detection of the voltage change of EHV 5 Reduction of active Power in favour of reactive Power 6 Use of STATCOM-Function 7 Continous Voltage Support 8 Increase of Amplification Factor of Voltage Regulator 11 P Q! Q 9 Resistance neutral earthing of WT unit transformers 10 Variation of Voltagebands 11 Installation of Reactive Power Compensation Systems

17 Optimization of Grid Operation Example: Optimal Re-dispatch (II/II) Example scenario DE: congestion-correction with combined energy and cost efficiency openstreetmap.org Realized optimization targets: Energy efficiency Cost efficiency Combination of both openstreetmap.org openstreetmap.org 0 % 90 % 100 % Tool: IWES.RD ΔP gen,pos 50 MW ΔP gen,neg Publication: Mende, D.; Stock, S.; Hennig, T.; Löwer, L.; Hofmann, L.: Multiobjective Optimization in Congestion Management Considering Technical and Economic Aspects, IEEE PES Asia- Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Xi an, Mende, D.; Stock, S.; Hennig, T.; Löwer, L.; Hofmann, L.: Effizientes Engpassmanagement im Spannungsfeld von technischer und wirtschaftlicher Optimierung, VDE-Kongress 2016, Mannheim, MW Leitungsauslastung Leitungsauslastung 0 % 90 % 100 %

18 Fraunhofer Wind Farm Cluster Management System Input Online power forcast Online Grid information Set point to the local wind farm controller Tool: IWES.WCMS

19 Forecast-Tools: From R&D to application - EWELine Tool: IWES.WPMS

20 Probabilistic Quantile Forecast (DE) Prob(X<this) = 99.9% Deterministic power forecast Measured Power Prob(X<this)= 0.1%

21 Cyclone Tracking & Grid Node Wind Power Forecast Example S. Vogt, Y.-S.. Saint-Drenan, IWES C.Köhler, I.Metzinger, DWD A priori estimation of an uncertain forecast

22 Day t Day t-1 Power Market Example (DE) Day-ahead auction 12:00 No speculation Day-ahead trading DA Quantile Forecasts DA Point forecast for next day delivery times, t x. TSO must used expected value Start intraday market 16:00 (15 min products) Correct DA trade error using intraday forecasts Intraday trading Intraday Experiments Gate closure intraday: t x -30 min Power delivery time: t x No speculation Balancing Correction Final delivery time point forecast: TSO must use expected value Final errors corrected with balancing power Incurs expensive balancing cost, Very hard to predict

23 Conclusion A detailed analysis of spatial and temporal behaviour of wind (on all scales) will help to make wind power calculable High resolute wind resource maps will reduce risks for wind projects and enable better forecasts and simulation results The determination of residual load (wind power load) will help to estimate and calculate balancing and flexibility efforts Grid compliance and grid support from wind turbines will reduce integration costs Wind power prediction and wind power management are essential for a reliable operation of the future system New and tailored business models and flexible market models are needed to make wind power more competitive and economic Political willingness and elimination of regulatory hurdles is crucial for a transition towards 100% RES

24 Thank You for Your Attention! Any Questions and Remarks?