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1 TE5 KYSE5 TT KYSE7 KYSE4 Supplementary Figure. Hockey stick plots showing input normalized, rank ordered H3K7ac signals for the candidate SE-associated lncrnas in this study.

2 Rpm Rpm Rpm Chip-seq H3K7ac 5.8 5kb 4.5 KYSE5 Predicted Super-enhancer FAM83H-AS 3.9 3kb.5 KYSE5 Predicted Super-enhancer PVT 5kb 3..4 KYSE5 MIR5HG Predicted Super-enhancer Supplementary Figure. H3K7ac ChIP-Seq binding profiles of representative SE-associated lncrnas in ESCC cell lines.

3 KYSE5 Relative fold change (mrna level) Relative fold change in mrna level Relative fold change in mrna level Relative fold change (mrna level) Relative fold change in mrna level Relative fold change in mrna level.5 FAM83H-AS.5 LINC53.5 MIR5HG THZ (hours) THZ (hours) THZ (hours).5 FAM83H-AS.5 LINC53.5 PVT THZ (hours) THZ (hours) THZ (hours) Supplementary Figure 3. Real-time PCR validation of RNA-Seq results of candidate SE-associated lncrnas upon THZ (CDK7 inhibitor, 5nM) treatment in and KYSE5 cells.

4 RSEM (log) FAM83H-AS MIR5HG PVT Supplementary Figure 4. Expression characteristics of candidate SE-associated LncRNAs identified in the study. Plots highlighting the expression of FAM83H-AS, MIR5HG ( and PVT ( in different cancer/tissue types. Each point represents one RNA-seq tissue sample.

5 OD value OD value.5.5 KYSE5 sifam83h-as sipvt sifam83h-as sipvt.5 simir5hg.5 simir5hg Days 3 4 Days Supplementary Figure 5. Effect of lncrnas on cell proliferation. sirna-pools against FAM83H-AS, PVT or MIR5HG were transfected into and KYSE5 cells, and MTT assays were performed to measure cell proliferation. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3.

6 Input Negative LINC53 Pull down Ribosomal Protein LP Supplementary Figure 6. Western blotting analysis of Ribosomal Protein LP (RPLP) following pull-down of LINC53 or negative RNA (LncRNA A333F4Rik ).

7 Relative mrna level Relative mrna level A 3, kb 3, kb 3, 4 kb 3, 6 kb 3, 8 kb 3, kb KYSE5 LINC53 Exon Exon Exon3 Exon4 B. KYSE Exon/ Exon/3 Exon3/4 Exon/ Exon/3 Exon3/4 Supplementary Figure 7. A new splice isoform of LINC53 identified in ESCC cell lines. A, RNA-Seq analysis of the new splice isoform of LINC53 containing Exons -4. B, qrt-pcr validation.

8 Rpm ( ) Rpm ( ) Rpm ( ) Rpm ( ) A 3. R Viewpoint (E) kb 5kb 3. R Viewpoint (E) kb 5kb.. Bin Size (kb) Bin Size (kb) R R.. Bin Size (kb) Bin Size (kb) 5. LINC53 5. LINC53 B LINC53 Supplementary Figure 8. (A) 4C-seq showing long-range interactions anchored on the SE upstream of LINC53 in cells. Two repeats (R and R) in each viewpoint (E and E). (B) Significant interactions determined by 4C. Deeper red colors indicate higher interaction frequency.

9 Relative luciferase Relative luciferase Relative luciferase Relative luciferase A TE B KYSE4 C FLO- D OE33 Supplementary Figure 9. Enhancer activity measured by luciferase reporter assays in ESCC cells (A and B) and EAC cells (C and D). Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3.

10 Relative mrna levels shtp63 shtp63/ev shtp63/δnp63 mrna Levels of LINC53 Relative luciferase Relative luciferase A 6 TE5 TE5 shtp ns B 5 FLO- 4 FLO- shtp63 3 ns ns ns C TE5. TP63 LINC TE5 KYS E5 D TP63 GAPDH TP63 GAPDH TP63 GAPDH E TE5 Supplementary Figure. TP63 activates the transcription of LINC53 by mediating the activity of its super-enhancer. (A and B) E segment was divided into two constituents (EA and EB) and the luciferase activities of E, EA and EB were measured in ESCC cells (A) and EAC cells (B) upon TP63 silencing. (C) Expression of LINC53 and TP63 was determined by qrt-pcr in TP63 knockdown ESCC cells using two independent shrnas (shtp63- and sh-tp63-3). (D, E) ΔNTP63 expression plasmid was transfected into TP63 knockdown ESCC cells; Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ΔNTP63 (D). The levels of LINC53 were recovered upon ΔNTP63 expression (E). Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3. n.s., not significant., P.5.

11 Relative mrna levels Relative mrna levels. SOX LINC53 KYSE5.4. SOX LINC shsox- shsox- shsox- shsox- Supplementary Figure. Effect of SOX knockdown on the expression levels of LINC53 was determined by qrt-pcr.

12 A Chip-seq Mb H3K7ac TP63 CCBL LRRC8A DOLK SH3GLB DOLPP PPPR4 IER5L C9orf6 LINC963 C9orf5 PPRX PTGES TORB LINC53 B Predicted Super-Enhancer C Supplementary Figure. Effect of TP63 silencing on the expressions of 3 transcripts within Mb of the LINC53-SE. (A) Transcripts located in the region within Mb of the LINC53-SE. (B) qpcr analysis for the expressions of these transcripts in TP63 silencing cells. (C) ΔNTP63 expression plasmid was transfected into TP63 knockdown ESCC cells and the level of CCBL was recovered upon ΔNTP63 expression.

13 Relative mrna level of CCBL Relative mrna level of CCBL A..5 siccbl B. siccbl KYSE5.5 Day Day Day 3 Day 4 siccbl siccbl Day Day Day 3 Day 4 Supplementary Figure 3. Effect of CCBL knockdown on the proliferation of ESCC cells. (A) cells. (B) KYSE5 cells. Left, qrt-pcr analysis for the silencing of CCBL. Right, MTT assays. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3.

14 Relative expression of LINC KYSE5 KYSE45 KYSE5 KYSE8 KYSE3 TE5 Supplementary Figure 4. qrt-pcr analysis for the expression levels of LINC53 in ESCC cell lines.. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3.

15 Migrated cells Invasive cells Relative expression of LINC53 OD value Colony number TE5 A B C Day TE5 sirna Day Day 3 Day TE5 sirna sirna D TE5 8 E TE5 8 6 sirna 6 4 sirna 4 Supplementary Figure 5. LINC53 is required for the growth, migration and invasion of ESCC cells. (A) qrt-pcr analysis validating the silencing of LINC53 in TE5 cells. EV, empty vector. (B) MTT and (C) colony formation assays in TE5 cells upon LINC53 knockdown. (D) Transwell migration assays and (E) Transwell Matrigel invasion assays were performed to determine the effect of LINC53 on the migration and invasiveness of TE5 cells. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3. n.s., not significant., P.5.

16 KYSE5 Relative expression of LINC53 OD value Migrated cells Invasive cells Relative expression of LINC53 OD value Migrated cells Invasive cells A B C D Control GapmeR GapmeR4 Control 6 Control 4 8 GapmeR 7 6 GapmeR GapmeR4 GapmeR4 Day 4 Day 3 Day Day Day Control GapmeR GapmeR4 Day Day 3 Day 4 Control GapmeR GapmeR Control GapmeR GapmeR Supplementary Figure 6. LINC53 is required for the growth, migration and invasiveness of ESCC cells. A, qrt-pcr analysis for the GapmeR-mediated silencing ( and KYSE5 cells) of LINC53. B, MTT assays in ESCC cells upon LINC53 knockdown or overexpression. C and D, Transwell migration assays (C) and Transwell Matrigel invasion assays (D) were performed upon silencing of LINC53. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3.

17 Migrated cells Migrated cells Relative expression of LINC53 OD value OD value A KYSE5 B C.6.4. shlinc53 shlinc53/ev shlinc53/linc shlinc53 shlinc53/ev shlinc53/linc shlinc53 shlinc53/ev shlinc53/linc KYSE5 Day Day Day 3 Day 4 Day Day Day 3 Day 4 shlinc53/ EV KYSE 5 shlinc53 shlinc53/ LINC53 D shlinc53/ EV shlinc53 shlinc53/ LINC53 E Supplementary Figure 7. Re-expression of LINC53 rescued decreased cell growth and migration mediated by LINC53 knockdown. KYSE5 and cells were infected by shrna plasmid against LINC53 (shlinc53) and control shrna (), and stable knockdown cells was selected. This was followed by transfection of over-expression plasmid of LINC53 into the knockdown cells. A, qpcr analysis for the silencing and re-expression of LINC53. B and C, MTT assays. D and E, Transwell migration assays.

18 Input Negative LINC53 Input Negative LINC53 Pull down Pull down ζ σ Supplementary Figure 8. Western blotting analysis of proteins following pull-down of LINC53 or negative RNA control.

19 Supplementary Figure 9. or KYSE5 cells were transfected with either control sirna () or LINC53 sirna (silinc53). Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting for the expressions of the important molecules of ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Signal intensity for the levels of phosphoproteins was quantified by densitometric scanning and normalized by the total amounts of each protein.

20 IGF (5 ng/ml) silinc53 Min p-akt KYSE5 IGF (5 ng/ml) silinc Akt p-erk/ ERK p-p7s6k p7s6k p-mtor mtor GAPDH Supplementary Figure. LINC53 activates ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. or KYSE5 cells transfected with either control sirna () or LINC53 sirna (silinc53) were cultured in medium with EGF for different duration. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting (GAPDH was served as loading control).

21 IgG silinc53 silinc53 IgG silinc53 silinc53 IgG silinc53 silinc53 IgG silinc53 silinc53 A EGF ( ) EGF ( ng/ml, 3h) IP: ERK Input (%) IP: ERK ERK DUSP-6 Ratio to ERK GAPDH B MG3 ( ) MG3 (μm, 6h) IP: EBP- Input (%) IP: EBP- Input (%) EBP- PI3K p85 Ratio to EBP GAPDH Supplementary Figure. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed with cell extracts from cells transfected with LINC53 sirna by using antibodies against ERK, EBP- or normal IgG. Immunoprecipitates (IP) or cell lysates (Input) were analyzed by Western blotting.

22 Migrated cells Migrated cells OD value OD value A.5 sidusp-6 siebp- B.5 KYSE5 sidusp-6 siebp Day Day Day 3 Day 4 Day Day Day 3 Day 4 C D KYSE sidusp-6 siebp- sidusp-6 siebp- Supplementary Figure. Effect of DUSP-6 or EBP- on the growth and migration of ESCC cells. (A and B) Growth curves of cells transfected with control sirna (), DUSP-6 sirna (sidusp-6) or EBP- sirna (siebp-). (C and D) Migration assays. Mean ± s.d. are shown, n = 3., P.5.

23 Relative fold change Relative fold change shlinc53- shlinc53- shlinc53- Tumor Volumes (mm 3 ) Tumor weight (g) A KYSE5 shlinc53- B KYSE5 P =. P =.4 Time (Days) shlinc53- C KYSE5 Mice # # #3 D p-akt Akt p-erk/.5.5 p-akt shlinc p-erk/ shlinc53- ERK/.5. GAPDH Mice # # #3 Mice # # #3 Supplementary Figure 3. KYSE5 cells with stable depletion of LINC53 (shlinc53-) were injected subcutaneously into nude mice ( in each group). Tumor volumes (A) and weights (B) were determined. Data are means ± s.d.. (C, D) Activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK pathways in paired ESCC xenografts was determined by Western blotting (C). Signal intensity for the levels of p-akt and p-erk/ was quantified by densitometric scanning and normalized by the total amounts of each protein (D).

24 Cell viability index (relative to control) Cell viability index (relative to control) Cell viability index (relative to control) Cell viability index (relative to control).%.% KYSE5 silinc53.%.% silinc53 8.% 8.% 6.% 6.% 4.% 4.%.%.%.% MK6 (μm).% MK6 (μm).%.% KYSE5 silinc53.%.% silinc53 8.% 8.% 6.% 6.% 4.% 4.%.%.%.% U6 (μm).% U6 (μm) Supplementary Figure 4. Colony formation assay was employed to determine the effect of Akt inhibitor (MK6) or MEK inhibitor (U6) on the LINC53 silencing ESCC cells. Indicated cells were treated with the inhibitors for days and OD value was measured.

25 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibit Activate MEK PI3K EBP- DUSP-6 ERK Akt mtor LINC53 LINC53 TP63 Super-enhancer LINC53 Growth and migration of ESCC cells Gene expression Supplementary Figure 5. Proposed working model of LINC53 in ESCC cells.

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