Effects of Nitroxin and plant density on grain yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa)

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1 Interntionl Reserch Journl of Applied nd Bsic Sciences 2013 Aville online t ISSN X / Vol, 4 (10): Science Explorer Pulictions Effects of Nitroxin nd plnt density on grin yield nd yield components of lck cumin (Nigell stiv) Mohmmd Ali Akrin 1, Mohmmd Tghi Drzi 1*, Mohmmdrez Hj Seyed Hdi 1 1. Fculty of Agriculture, Deprtment of Agronomy, Roudehen Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Roudehen, Irn *Corresponding uthor emil: drzi@riu.c.ir ; mt_drzi@yhoo.com ABSTRACT: In order to study the effect of nitroxin nd plnt density on grin yield nd yield components of lck cumin (Nigell stiv), n experiment ws conducted s fctoril experiment in the se of rndomized complete locks design with twelve tretments nd three replictions t reserch field of Agriculture Compny of Rn in Firouzkuh of irn in The fctors were nitroxin (iofertilizer), mixture of Azotocter chroococcum nd Azospirillum lipoferum in four levels (non-inoculted, inoculted seeds, spry on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge nd inoculted seeds + spry on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge) nd plnt density in three levels (12.5, 16.6 nd 25 plnts m -2 ). Results showed tht the highest plnt height, cpsule numer per plnt, grin numer per cpsule, dry weight of plnt nd seed yield were otined y using the iofertilizer twice (inoculted seeds + spry on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge). plnt density, lso showed significnt effects on studied trits except weight of 1000 grins. The mximum cpsule numer per plnt nd dry weight of plnt were otined in 12.5 plnts m -2, the highest grin numer per cpsule were otined in 16.6 plnts m -2, nd The mximum plnt height nd grin yield were otined in 25 plnts m -2. Key Words: Blck cumin, Azotocter, Azospirillum, Plnt density, Grin yield. INTRODUCTION Blck cumin (Nigell stiv L.) elonging to the Rnunculcee fmily, is nnul species tht hs originted from rid nd semi-rid zones such s Irn nd re used widely in trditionl nd industril phrmcology. It is reported tht intct lck cumin seeds or their extrcts contin nti-dietic, ntihistminic, ntihypertensive,nti-inflmmtory, nti-microil, ntitumour, glctgogue nd insect repellent effects (D Antuno et l., 2002; Bnnyn et l., 2008). Applying of iofertilizers such s Nitroxin (contin nitrogen fixing cteri) hs led to decrese in the use of chemicl fertilizers nd hs provided high qulity products free of hrmful grochemicls for humn sfety (Youssef et l., 2004; Mhfouz nd Shrf Eldin, 2007). Free-living nitrogen fixing cteri such s; Azotocter chroococcum nd Azospirillum lipoferum, were found to hve not only the ility to fix nitrogen ut lso the ility to relese phytohormones similr to gierellic cid nd indole cetic cid, which could stimulte plnt growth, sorption of nutrients, nd photosynthesis (El Ghdn et l., 2006; Mhfouz nd Shrf Eldin, 2007). By using correct nutritionl sources through iofertilizers, growth nd yield of medicinl plnts cn e mximized. Also, proper gronomic mngement include suitle plnt density hs huge influence on growth nd yield of medicinl plnts. Severl studies hve reported tht nitrogen fixing cteri such s Azotocter chroococcum nd Azospirillum lipoferum could cuse incresed growth nd yield in few medicinl plnts such s corinder (Kumr et l., 2002; Drzi et l., 2012), cerely (Mighed et l., 2004), lck cumin (Shln, 2005; Vlddi nd Frhni, 2011), fennel (Tehln et l., 2004; Adou et l., 2004; Mhfouz nd Shrf Eldin, 2007) nd hyssop (Koocheki et l., 2009). Some other studies hve reported tht suitle plnt density cn increse the growth nd yield of some medicinl plnts such s fennel (Drzi et l., 2001), sfflower (Ddshi, 2001), corinder (Bhti, 1995; Mcvicr et l., 2004; Akrini et l., 2005), fenugreek (Singh et l., 2005) nd nise (Rsm et l., 2007). Therefore, the min ojective of the present field experiment ws to investigte the effects of Nitroxin nd plnt density on grin yield nd yield components of lck cumin (Nigell stiv).

2 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Bsic. Sci. Vol., 4 (10), , 2013 MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Experiment A fctoril experiment, rrnged in rndomized complete locks designed with three replictions, ws conducted in the Experimentl field of the Agriculture Compny of Rn, Firouzkuh, Irn during the growing seson of The geogrphicl loction of the experimentl sttion ws 35º 45 N nd 52º 44 E with the ltitude of 1930 m. The tretments consisted of Nitroxin (iofertilizer), different inocultion conditions of mixture of Azotocter chroococcum nd Azospirillum lipoferum cteri (non-inoculted, inoculted seeds, spry on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge nd inoculted seeds + spry on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge) nd different levels of plnt density (12.5, 16.6 nd 25 plnts m -2 ). Inocultion ws crried out y dipping the lck cumin seeds in the cells suspension of 10 8 CFU/ml for 15 min. Severl Soil smples (0 30 cm depth) were tken for the nutrient nd trce element nlysis prior to lnd preprtion. Chemicl nd physicl properties of the experimentl soil is presented in Tle1. Nitrogen (50 kg/h) nd phosphorus (20 kg/h) were pplied to the plots, sed on the soil nlysis, efore cultivtion. Ech experimentl plot ws 3 m long nd 2 m wide with the spcing of 40 cm etween the rows. There ws spce of one meter etween the plots nd 2 meters etween replictions. Blck cumin seeds were directly sown y hnd. There ws no incidence of pest or disese on lck cumin during the experiment. Weeding ws done mnully nd the plots were irrigted weekly. All necessry culturl prctices nd plnt protection mesures were followed uniformly for ll the plots during the entire period of experimenttion. Dt were recorded for the plnt height, cpsule numer per plnt, grin numer per cpsule, weight of 1000 grins, dry weight of plnt nd grin yield. Fifteen plnts were rndomly selected from ech plot nd the oservtions were recorded. At the eginning of flowering, the plnt height, from plnt se to the tip of plnt, ws mesured for ech plot using ruler (±0.1 cm) (Drzi et l., 2007; Azizi et l., 2008). Cpsule numer per plnt nd grin numer per cpsule ws recorded t the end of growth seson. In ddition, the weight of 1000 grins ws lso determined. For evluting the dry weight of plnt, plnts were put in the oven t 80º C for 48 h nd dry weight ws clculted using digitl lnce (Srtorius B310S; ±0.01 g) (Kpoor et l., 2004). In order to determine grin yield, the plots were mnully hrvested nd then the grins were removed from plnts y hnd. Cu (mg/kg) 0.42 Tle 1. Some Trits of Physicl nd Chemicl of soil in experiment site Fe (mg/kg) 3.18 K (mg/kg) 400 P (mg/kg) 30 N (%) 0.14 O.C (%) 0.65 EC (ds/m) 1.02 ph 7.48 Texture Cly-Lomy Sttisticl Anlysis All the dt were sujected to sttisticl nlysis (one-wy ANOVA) using SAS softwre (SAS Institute, version 8, 2001). Differences etween the tretments were performed y Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) t 5% confidence intervl. Trnsformtions were pplied to the dt to ssure tht the residuls hd norml distriution (Zr, 1996). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plnt height The present results hve indicted tht plnt height were significntly ffected y the ppliction of Nitroxin (Tle 2). The most significnt plnt height (47.5 cm) ws otined in twice using of Nitroxin (inoculted seeds + sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge). According to the present nlysis, Nitroxin hve incresed plnt height y enhncing the nitrogen content nd the rte of photosynthesis (Ftm et l., 2006). The present result were derived from the improvement of nitrogen fixing cteri ctivities in soil, which is in greement with the previous studies crried out on the fennel, cerely, lck cumin nd hyssop (Tehln et l., 2004; Mighed et l., 2004; Shln, 2005; Koocheki et l., 2009). Plnt density hd lso significnt effect on plnt height (Figure1), s higher plnt height (45 cm) ws recorded in 25 plnts m -2. High plnt density resulted in greter plnt height, tht is in ccordnce with the oservtions Ddshi (2001), Purcell et l. (2002) nd Singh et l. (2005) on sfflower, soyen nd fenugreek respectively. 3451

3 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Bsic. Sci. Vol., 4 (10), , 2013 Cpsule numer per plnt The results presented in Tle 2 hve demonstrted tht cpsule numer per plnt ws influenced y the ppliction of Nitroxin, significntly. Among vrious tretments, tretment of inoculted seeds together sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge hs indicted mximum increse in cpsule numer per plnt (63.5). Nitroxin hs significntly influenced the cpsule numer per plnt. On the other hnd, nitrogen fixing cteri ppliction through the improvement of iologicl ctivities of soil nd minerl element sorption, cused more iomss production nd cpsule numer. These findings re in ccordnce with the oservtions Tehln et l. (2004) on Foeniculum vulgre, Mighed et l. (2004) on Apium grveolens, Shln (2005) on Nigell stiv nd Drzi et l. (2012) on Corindrum stivum. Plnt density hd lso significnt effect on cpsule numer per plnt (Figure 2), s higher umel numer per plnt ws recorded in two tretments of 12.5 plnts m -2 (56.7) nd 16.6 plnts m -2 (56.5). Plnt density hs significntly influenced on the cpsule numer per plnt, s With increse density nd competition, decresed cpsule numer per plnt. The present result is in greement with the report of Bhti (1995) on Corindrum stivum. Grin numer per cpsule The present results hve indicted tht grin numer per cpsule were significntly ffected y the ppliction of Nitroxin (Tle 2). The most grin numer per cpsule (142.7) ws otined in twice using of Nitroxin (inoculted seeds + sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge). Azotocter nd zospirillum ppliction through the improvement of iologicl ctivities of soil nd minerl element sorption, cused more iomss production nd grin numer per cpsule. Plnt density hd lso significnt effect on grin numer per cpsule (Figure3), s higher grin numer per cpsule (138.3) ws recorded in 16.6 plnts m -2. Plnt density hs significntly influenced on the grin numer per cpsule, s With increse density nd competition, incresed grin numer per cpsule. Weight of 1000 grins The results indicted tht weight of 1000 grins ws significntly ffected y the ppliction of Nitroxin (Tle 2). The highest weight of 1000 grins ws otined with pplying twice using of Nitroxin (1.50 g). Nitroxin hve incresed weight of 1000 seeds y the iomss production improvement (Roy nd Singh, 2006). The present result is in greement with the report of Drzi et l. (2007) on fennel. The present results showed tht Plnt density hd not significnt effect on weight of 1000 grins (Figure 4). Dry weight of plnt The results hve indicted tht dry weight of plnt ws ffected y the ppliction of Nitroxin (Tle 2). Significnt increse in dry weight of plnt ws oserved in levels of iofertilizer ppliction. The highest dry weight of plnt ws otined in tretment of inoculted seeds together sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge (55.24 g). Effect of Nitroxin on the dry weight of plnt ws due to incresed nitrogen uptke nd the growth rte improvement (Vnde Broek, 1999). The result of present work re in greement with the reports of Youssef et l. (2004) on Slvi officinlis, Kumr et l. (2009) on Artemisi pllens nd Vlddi nd Frhni (2011) on Nigell stiv. Plnt density showed significnt effect on dry weight of plnt (Figure 5), s the highest dry weight of plnt (53.25 g) ws otined in 12.5 plnts m -2. The results clerly demonstrte the effectiveness of plnt density in the dry weight of plnt, s Plnts t low density (12.5 plnt m -2 ) hd more extensive rnching nd umel development nd greter dry weight. This finding is in ccordnce with the previous oservtions (Zhoor, 1991; Vergr et l., 1998; Rsm et l., 2007). Grin yield The results presented in Tle 2 hve reveled tht different levels of Nitroxin hd significnt effects on the grin yield. The mximum grin yield ( kg/h) ws otined in the fourth tretment level of Nitroxin (inoculted seeds + sprying). Incresed seed yield in Nitroxin tretments cn e owing to the improvement of yield components such s; cpsule numer per plnt, grin numer per cpsule nd dry weight of plnt. These result re in greement with the investigtion of Kumr et l. (2002) nd Drzi et l. (2012) on Corindrum stivum, Mighed 3452

4 Plnt height (cm) Intl. Res. J. Appl. Bsic. Sci. Vol., 4 (10), , 2013 et l. (2004) on Apium grveolens,tehln et l. (2004), Adou et l. (2004), Mhfouz nd Shrf Eldin (2007) on Foeniculum vulgre nd Shln (2005) nd Vlddi nd Frhni (2011) on Nigell stiv. Significnt difference in grin yield ws oserved in vrious levels of plnt density (Figure 6). The highest grin yield ( kg/h) ws otined in 25 plnts m -2. The comprison of plnt density showed tht mximum density (25 plnt m -2 ) produced the highest grin yield. Akrini et l. (2005) reported tht 30 plnts m -2 in spring grown otined the most of grin yield in corinder. Present result is in greement with the investigtion of Drzi et l. (2001) on Foeniculum vulgre, Mcvicr et l. (2004) on Corindrum stivum, Gowd et l. (2006) on Trigonell foenum grcum nd Rsm et l. (2007) on Pimpinell nisum. Tle 2. Men comprison of the some trits of lck cumin t vrious levels of Nitroxin Tretments Nitroxin Plnt height (cm) cpsule numer per Grin numer per Weight of 1000 Dry weight of plnt plnt cpsule grins (g) (g) Grin yield (kg/h) c 47.6 c 126 c c c c Mens, in ech column for ech fctor followed y t lest on letter in common, re not significntly different t 5% proility level using Duncns Multiple Rnge Test. 1, 2, 3 nd 4 represent non-inoculted, inoculted seeds, sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge nd inoculted seeds + sprying on the plnt se t stem elongtion stge, respectively. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The uthors wish to thnk from Agriculture Compny of Rn, Firouzkuh Brnch ecused of ssistnce for this study Levels of plnt density (plnts m ²) Figure 1. Men comprison for plnt height in different levels of plnt density 3453

5 Grin numer per cpsule Cpsule numer per plnt Intl. Res. J. Appl. Bsic. Sci. Vol., 4 (10), , Levels of plnt density (plnts m ²) Figure 2. Men comprison for cpsule numer per plnt in different levels of plnt density Levels of plnt density (plnts m ²) Figure 3. Men comprison for grin numer per cpsule in different levels of plnt density 3454

6 Dry weight of plnt (g) Weight of 1000 grins (g) Intl. Res. J. Appl. Bsic. Sci. Vol., 4 (10), , Levels of plnt density (plnts m ²) Figure 4. Men comprison for weight of 1000 grins in different levels of plnt density c Levels of plnt density (plnts m ²) Figure 5. Men comprison for dry weight of plnt in different levels of plnt density 3455

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