Contents. Foreword... (vii) Prologue... (ix) Preface... (xi) Acknowledgements... (xiii)

Transcription

1 Contents Foreword... (vii) Prologue... (ix) Preface... (xi) Acknowledgements... (xiii) Chapter 1: Nano Science and Technologies 1.1 Concepts of Nano Science and Nanotechnologies Introduction What is Nano Science? What are Nano Technologies? Definition of Nanotechnology How Laws of Physics differ at the Nano Scale-Quantum Size Effects Quantum Size Effects on Physical Properties What is Nano Chemistry? Classification of Nano Materials Natural/Non Engineered Nano Materials Engineered Nano Structured Materials History of Nano Technology Unique Physico-Chemical, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Nano Materials Reasons for Nano Materials Exhibiting different Properties from Bulk More % Surface Atoms in Nano Systems Unique Physical Properties of Nano Materials Summary of Importance of Properties of Nano Materials and their Applications Current Industrial Applications of Nano Technologies Improving Product Performance Engineering Principles and Initiatives of Nano Technology Process Engineering, Design and Manufacturing Fabrication Techniques for Engineered Nano Materials Precision Engineering Convergence of Top-Down and Bottom-up Techniques Characterisation Future Nano Technologies Precision Engineering Integrated Chip Technologies (ICT) Optics... 51

2 (xvi) Contents Transport Medical The Chemical Industry The Information and Communication Technology Industry Molecular Manufacturing Safety and Health Risks of Nano Materials Potential Areas for Concern Environmental Effects of Nanotechnology Nano Particles Impact on Human Health References Recommended Reference Materials Books Web Sites Chapter 2: Carbon Nanotube Technologies (CNT) 2.1 Introduction History of Discovery of Fullerenes and Carbon Nano Tubes and their Salient Features Fullerenes Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nano Buds Carbon Nano fibers Special Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Chemical Reactivity Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Optical Activity Mechanical Strength Carbon NanoTubes Growth Mechanism Multiple Growth Mechanisms in Operation (37-41) Role of Hydrogen Flow Rate on the Growth of CNT The Role of Reaction Temperature Production Methods for Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers Introduction Arc Discharge Laser Ablation Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Characterization Techniques for Nanotubes Purification Techniques of CNT Oxidation Acid Treatment Ultra Sonication... 87

3 Contents (xvii) Magnetic Purification Micro filtration Cutting Functionalisation Chromatography Important Industrial and Bio-Medical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Composites Field Emission Electrochemistry Electronics Recent Research on Some Special Applications of CNTs Current Hurdles on the Application of CNTs References Chapter 3: Nano/Micro Fabrication Technologies 3.1 Nano/Micro Fabrication Techniques -Introduction Nano/Micro Fabrication Techniques Top-Down Approach Bottom-up Methods for Nano Fabrication References Chapter 4: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) 4.1 Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) Introduction Functional Elements of MEMS Inter Dependence of MEMS and Nano Technologies Overview and History of Development MEMS - Applications MEMS Markets Micro Fabrication Techniques for MEMS Micro Fabrication Techniques MEMS Manufacturing Technologies Industrial Process Control Challenges and Future Development Challenges The Future of MEMS

4 (xviii) Contents 4.5 Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) Generic Applications of NEMS Technical Hurdles for NEMS Nano Fabrication Techniques for NEMS References Chapter 5: Quality Control, Standards and Meteorology for Nano Technology 5.1 Quality Control in Nano-Technology Introduction Classification of Nanostructures According to Dimensionality Standards for Nano Technology Need for Nano Standards and Current Challenges Current Status Calibration Traceability Tolerance Nano Metrology Introduction History of SEM & AFM Development Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Comparison of AFM and SEM Techniques Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) References Chapter 6: Applications of Polymers/Organics, Liquid Crystals, Nano Composites and Ferro Fluids in Nano Technology 6.1 Applications of Polymers/Organics in Nano Technology Polymer in Top-Down Nanotechnology Polymer in Bottom-Up Nano-Technology Application of Organic Polymer based Nanofibers Supra Molecular Polymers Application of Polymers in Nano Medicine Challenges for application of Polymers in Nanotechnology Fuel Cell Applications Application of Liquid Crystals and Flexible Flat Panel Display Nano Composites Nano Composite Materials Clay Composites

5 Contents (xix) Polymer Composites Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Composites Nanofiber-reinforced Composites Metal Matrix Nano-Composites Defense Applications of Nano Composites High Performance Fibre/Fabrics Ballistic Protection Microwave Absorbers Refractive Index Tuning Application of Ferro-Fluids in Nano Technology What are Ferro-fluids? Forces involved in the formation of FF Surfacted Ferro-fluids (SFF) Ionic ferro-fluids( IFF) Magnetic Behavior of Ferro-fluids Ferromagnetic Materials Ferro-fluids Applications Current and Future Ferro-fluid Technologies References Chapter 7: Role of Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Nano Technology 7.1 Colloids Introduction Types of Colloids Colloidal Surfaces and Interfaces Colloidal Dispersions-Characteristic Features Mechanisms for Reduction of Overall Surface Energy Inter Molecular Forces and Colloidal Forces Liquid Phase (Colloidal Phase) Synthesis for Production of Nanostructured Materials/Nanoparticles Methods for Production of Nano Systems References Chapter 8: Molecular Manufacturing, Future Nano Technologies and Dexler Smalley Debate 8.1 Molecular Manufacturing What is Molecular Manufacturing? How the Precise Control the Sequence and/or Position of the Reactions at Atomic or Molecular Lever can be Achieved? Molecular Manufacturing Importance in Future Nanotechnologies Benefits of Molecular Manufacturing

6 (xx) Contents Potential Negative Effects of Molecular Manufacturing Different Possible Approaches for Realizing Molecular Manufacturing Integrated Molecular Manufacturing Molecular Manufacture - Enabling Tools/Technologies Self Assembly in Production of Molecular/ Nano Structures-Bottom-Up Methods Chemical Synthesis Self Assembly Positional Assembly Challenges in Self Assembly Current Practice and Applications of Nano Bio Systems/Bio Nano Technology Approaches for Constructing Bio Nano Systems Recent Developments Drexler-Smalley Debate - Realistic Projections on Molecular Nano Technology Essence of Drexler Smalley Debate on Molecular Manufacturing K. Eric. Drexler s Future Projections on Molecular Manufacturing Exchange of Letters between Smalley and Drexler in Chemical and Engineering News Commentary on Public Perception of Nanotechnology Molecular Manufacturing Present: Overview: References Chapter 9: Semiconductors, Nano Size Effects and Moore s Law 9.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties Semiconductors Semiconductor Devices Growing Silicon Demand for Semiconductors Poly-silicon Manufacturers Global Demand for Silicon Poly Silicon Production Nano Size (Quantum) Effects on Semiconductors Difference in Energy Band Gap in Bulk Semiconductors and Nano Sized Semiconductors Moore's law Nano Fabrication Techniques and Moore s Law Status of Moore's law Prospects to Replace Si Electronics References

7 Chapter 10: Quantum Computing Contents (xxi) 10.1 Quantum Theory The Essential Elements of Quantum Theory are Quantum Devices Quantum Computing Quantum Computer Quantum Decoherence A Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing Superposition Entanglement Choosing your Qubit Quantum Programming The Problems - and Some Solutions Quantum Dots as Qubits in Quantum Computing References Chapter 11: Quantum Dots, Nano Photonics and their Applications 11.1 Quantum Dots Introduction Structure of Quantum Dots Quantum Confinement in QDs Size Dependent Fluorescence in QDs Modeling Quantum Confinement Optical and Electronic Properties of Quantum Dots Quantum Dot Materials Quantum Dot Synthesis Techniques Core-Shell Quantum Dots Types of Core-Shell Quantum Dots Choosing a Shell Material for Type-I Systems CdSe-ZnS Core-Shell System General Applications of Quantum Dots Potential Defense Applications of Quantum Dots Quantum Dots for Biological and Medical Applications Nano Photonics Introduction Photonic Crystals Theory of Nano Photonics Fabrication of Photonic Crystals Applications of Nano Photonics References

8 (xxii) Contents Chapter 12: Thin Films 12.1 Introduction Applications of Thin Films Optical Coatings Photovoltaic Thin films in Semiconductors Photo Electrochemical Cells (PEC) Optoelectronics Flat Panel Displays Data Storage Super Capacitor Gas Sensors Thin Film Deposition Processes Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) Chemical and Electrochemical Methods for Thin Film Deposition Electro Chemical Deposition for Thin Films Plasma Deposition/Plasma Enhanced Surface Modification (11-14) Polymer Surface Modification Techniques Advantages of Plasma Surface Modification or Polymerization Mechanism Classification of Plasma Enhanced Surface Modification Process Nano Structured Thin Films by Colloidal Phase Synthesis Colloidal Phase Methods for Thin Films Characterization of Thin Film In-situ Characterization Techniques-Quartz Crystal Microbalance Ex-situ Thin Film Characterization Techniques Sheet Resistivity Optical Transmission Compositional Analysis Mechanical Testing References Chapter 13: Nano Bio Info Cogno (NBIC) Convergent Technologies 13.1 Introduction What are Convergent Technologies? Synergic Interplay of Intersecting Technologies in CT The Synergistic Interplay of Technologies in NBIC Convergent Technologies Definition and Scope of Various Convergent Technologies as per International Scientific Organizations Enabling Technologies

9 Contents (xxiii) 13.5 Major Thrust Areas and Overall Potential of Converging Technologies Future Visions for Unique & Significant Applications of Convergent Technologies for improvement of Human Performance and Quality of Life Limits of Convergent Technologies Strategies for Effective Realization of Benefits of Convergence Technologies for the Improvement Human Performance and Quality of Life References Chapter 14: Opportunities and Challenges in Newly Emerging Nano Technologies and Strategies for their Utilization for Sustainable Development 14.1 Opportunities and Issues/Concerns in the Application of Nano Technologies Opportunities Concerns/Issues Challenges in the Application of Nano Technologies Grand Challenges Emerging Nanotechnologies Specific Challenges/Barriers/Solutions in their Application in Various Fields Nanotechnology-Sustainable Processes-Materials and Resources Manufacturing using Integrated Nanodevices Designing and Manufacturing Nano-Materials Optimization of Nano Materials Engineering Process Concept to Product/Application Materials Selection, Preparation and Fabrication Processing, Properties, and Performance Product/Application Possible Nano based Solutions for Addressing the Challenges Impact of Nano Technologies on Various Industries and Challenges Nano Informatics Telecom and Datacom Impact of Nanotechnologies on Energy Technologies Impact of Nano Technologies on Environment Impact of Nanotechnologies on Water Purification and Global Drinking Water Supply

10 (xxiv) Contents Role of Nano Technologies on Global Sustainable Agriculture Optimization of Production and Distribution of Agriculture Products Nano Technologies in Health Care, Medicine, Bio-Diagnostics Risk Assessment for Nano Materials Exposure Assessment of Nanomaterials Risk Management of Carbon Nanotubes Nanotechnology Implications in Natural and Global Processes Global Challenges in Nano Technologies Application Global Collaboration in Nanotechnology Applications for Meeting Development Challenges International Competition for Developing Cutting Edge Nano Technologies Global Governance to Promote Nanotechnology for Development Challenges for Developing Countries in Promotion of Nanotechnologies for Development Important Strategies to be Adopted for Realizing the Benefits of Newly Emerging Nano Technologies and Addressing the Challenges in their Implementation for Sustainable Growth Funding by Government and Private Industries and Global Collaboration in Nanotechnology Applications for Meeting Development Challenges Private/Industry Participation in Nano Technology Growth Educational Challenges and Research Funding in Promotion of Nano Technologies Development of an Inter-agency Group to Foster Research, Curricula, and Evaluation Creation of Scientific and Technological Infrastructure for Advanced Nano Technology Research Interdisciplinary Training on Nano Technologies Safety and Regulatory Issues Need to be Addressed on the Application of Nano Technologies Public Engagement on the Use of Nanotechnology Communication Efforts on Health, Safety, and Environmental Guidelines Policy Issues on Nanotechnology India's Research Initiatives in Nanotechnologies and Specific Challenges Careers Opportunity in Nanotechnology Major Categories of Nanotechnologies for Career Opportunities Scope of Applications of Nano Technologies What are Major Career Areas/Fields in India? Great Potential for Future Career Opportunities in Material Processing Informatics and Quantum Computation

11 Contents (xxv) Current Career Opportunities in Nano Technologies Indian Scenario What Education is needed and in which Fields? Remuneration Eligibility References Chapter 15: Laboratory Exercises 15.1 Introduction Experiment -1 Testing of Natural Materials for Nano-Structures Natural Nano Materials to be Tested Experiment 2: Testing Self Assembly in Liquid Crystals and Effect of Temperature Experiment 3: Sensor Applications of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (LSPR) in Colloid Nano Particles Experiment 4: Testing Super Hydrophobic Materials Experiment 5: Application of Ferro-Fluids Experiment 6: Synthesis and Characterization of CdSe Quantum Dots Theory Particle in Box Model for Explaining Quantum Mechanical behavior and Resultant Fluorescence Spectra of QDS Synthesis of Quantum Dots Preparation of CdSe Quantum Dots Spectral Characterization of QDs and Determination of Sizes Data Analysis: Determination of the Size of the QDs Questions Index