EFFECT OF MULCHING AND FERTILIZER RATES ON THE GROWTH OF RRIM 3001

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1 EFFECT OF MULCHING AND FERTILIZER RATES ON THE GROWTH OF RRIM 31 Muhmmd Zhidin in Rzmn, Wn Mohmed Noordin in Wn Dud, Zulkefly Sulimn ABSTRACT The mjor issues nd hllenges fed y Mlysi reently were delining ruer plnted re. In 199, the totl re ws million hetres ompred to 1.78 million hetres in 215, whih is 41% lower thn 215 s figure. With the deline in totl plnted re, government poliy hs een formulted to meet the requirement of the downstrem setor. There re five strtegies tht hve een identified, nmely to inrese plnting re y 4, hetres per yer, to expnd ruer re y new plnting 2, hetres per yer, to elerte replnting y high yielding lones, promote the mehniztion nd utomtion nd enhne doption in the ltest tehnology in ltex hrvesting. The experiment ws implemented t Ldng Komoditi, Jsin, Melk. This study onsists of high produtive ruer lone, RRIM 31 lso known s Klon 1 Mlysi treted with five levels of fertilizer rtes, T1 ( g/tree per yer plus no mulhing), T2 (48 g/tree per yer plus no mulhing), T3 (72 g/tree per yer plus no mulhing), T4 (48 g/tree per yer plus mulhing) nd T5 (72 g/tree per yer plus mulhing) y pplying the NPK Yellow fertilizer (15:15:6:4) t three months intervls for period of one yer. One type of mulhing system hd een prtied nmely Eomt, proessed oil plm fire mteril (Eofire Bhd Mlysi) nd the size of eomt is 1. m x 1. m x 9mm. The experimentl set up ws ompletely rndomized lok design (RCBD) with three replitions. The study durtion ws one yer period. From the result in this experiment, the fertilizer tretment of T5 (72 g/tree per yer plus mulhing) showed the est performne in term of height nd girth mesurement ompred to the other tretments. Keywords: Mulhing, RRIM 31, Btng Meru, growth Introdution Estlishment nd growth of Heve n e dversely ffeted y the presene of inherent soil limittions. If soil hs poor fertility due to indequte nutrients, then suh limittion n e overome y proper fertilizer pplition. However, physil limittions re less menle to ltertions. Some of the soil physil onditions tht hve severe limittions to Heve inlude wter-logging, sndy nd struture less soils due to the ourrene of shllow lterite or rok lyers. Bsilly, for soil to support good growth of Heve, it must hve lned distriution of the solid, liquid nd gseous phses. This is the reson why fvourle growth of ny rop is relted to good soil struture, sine the struture is mnifesttion of the stte of the three soil phses (Zinol, 1998). When forests re lered for griulture, hnges detrimentl to the environment n lrgely our due to ltertions in the hydrologil yle, miro-limte, iologil popultions nd soil physil properties (Smrppulli et. l., 1999). Mulhing inreses nd onserves moisture in the soil nd lso enourges more prolifi root development (Pushprjh nd Yew, 1977). In griulturl prtie, mulhing now inludes the pplition of ny of vriety of mterils to the surfe of the soil round the stem of the growing plnt, with view to improving onditions for the root. Mulhing n enefit soil onditions in vriety of wys. Mulh protets the soil from extreme temperture; in temperte limtes mrketle grden rops re thus proteted from frost in order to fore erly growth. An exmple of the prtie to redue soil erosion is mulhing, extensively employed fter the hrvest in dry lnd frming. Mulhing ffords n importnt mens of onserving wter, not only y evportion ut lso y improving the permeility of the soil surfe to rin; it is used with tropil rops suh s offee nd sugr ne to meliorte drought. A lyer of mulh will lso suppress weeds. Mulhing is mostly rried out during the first twelve months of growth; fter this period ruer roots should e exploiting lrge re of soil nd so should e less sensitive to drought. Inrese in girth size of young trees hs een shown during mulhing (Ruer Reserh Institute of Mlysi, 1956). Btng Meru Series is memer of the lyey, koliniti, isohyperthermi, fmily of the Typi Pleudults. Yellowish rown (1YR 5/4 5/6 5/8) to rown (1YR 5/2, 5/4), su ngulr loky, fine to orse in size, frile, deep, welldrined, CEC less thn 5 Cmol kg ly, low se sturtion. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study ws onduted t Ldng Komoditi, Lemh Beruk, Jsin, Melk. The study onsists of high produtive ruer lone, RRIM 31 lso known s Klon 1 Mlysi treted with different levels of fertilizer rtes nd mulhing prtie. The fertilizer rtes were divided into five tretments, T1 ( g/tree per yer), T2 (48 g/tree per yer), T3 (72 g/tree per yer), T4 (48 g/tree per yer plus mulhing) nd T5 (72 g/tree per yer plus mulhing) y pplying the NPK Yellow fertilizer (15:15:6:4) t three months intervls for period of one yer. NPK Yellow fertilizer (15:15:6:4) ws pplied t the seond month fter plnting on the ground. Detils of fertiliztion progrmme used in this study re simplified s shown in Tle 1. Tle 1. Totl fertiliztion rte in Ldng Komoditi Tretment (g/tree per yer) T1 (No fertilizer + Non Mulhing) T2 (Reommended rte + Non Mulhing) 48 T3 (Extr 5% of reommended rte + Non Mulhing) 72 33

2 T4 (Reommended rte + Mulhing) T5 (Extr 5% or reommended rte + Mulhing) The experiment used rndomize ompletely lok design (RCBD) with three replitions. The study durtion ws one yer. Dt on growth suh s plnt height, girth nd hlorophyll ontent were tken nd nlysed for nutritionl sttus t the end of this study. For pedologil study, soil smple ws olleted from eh horizon t short depth intervls of soil profile. For hlorophyll ontent, dt ws tken using hlorophyll meter SPAD-52. It ws lirted y pressing the mesuring hed losed without inserting the lef. For folir nlysis, the lef smples were dried in glss ottle overnight t temperture 1 C. The smples were overed with the glss ottle nd put into desitor for 1 hour t room temperture. 1 grm is weighted nd put into sili disk. Then, they were ignited in n eletril furne for 5 hours t temperture 55 C. 1 ml of HCl is dded into the smple nd dry for 2 hours t temperture 2 C y using hotplte. Then, 4 ml of 2% HNO3 is dded into sili disk nd overed with glss nd dried for 1 hour t temperture 1 C. The smple is dented into 5 ml volumetri flsk y using filter pper no. 2 with hot oiling wter. The solution is mde up to 5 ml nd redy to further nlysis. RESULTS Totl Plnt Height Totl plnt height of RRIM 31 plnted in Btng Meru series sed on different tretments s shown in Figure 1. There ws signifint differene etween tretments in term of plnt height (m). The tretment T5 showed the highest (349 m), followed y T2 nd T4 (329.7 m = m) nd T1 (174.7 m) sed on ANOVA nd LSD Test t the proility (P<.5). Figure 1: Height of RRIM 31 sed on different tretments in Btng Meru series m LSD : Tretment Mens vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t P<.5, sed on lest signifint T1, g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T2, 48 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T3, 72 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T4, 48 g/tree per yer + Mulhing T5, 72 g/tree per yer + Mulhing Totl Plnt Girth Figure 2 gives the totl plnt girth of RRIM 31 plnted on Btng Meru series sed on different tretments. There ws signifint differene etween tretments in term of girth mesurements. The highest vlue in term of girth mesurement is T5 > 34

3 T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 (9.2 > 8.2 > 7.8 > 6.9 > 4.2) respetively. This result proved tht mulhing prties showed etter performne ompred to tretment without mulhing prties. Figure 2: The totl men plnt girth due to different tretments fter one yer period of plnting in Btng Meru Series d 7 m e LSD :.4481 Tretment Mens vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t P<.5, sed on lest signifint T1, g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T2, 48 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T3, 72 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T4, 48 g/tree per yer + Mulhing T5, 72 g/tree per yer + Mulhing Chlorophyll Content Figure 3 shows tht the hlorophyll ontent for Btng Meru series sed on different tretments fter one yer of plnting. The result otined showed there ws signifint differene etween the tretments. The tretment T5 nd T4 (6.1 = 58.1) indite the highest vlue of hlorophyll ontent ompred to T3 nd T2 (54.5 = 59.5) nd the lowest of hlorophyll ontent ws found from T1 (47.8). The mulhing prties give higher vlue of hlorophyll ontent ompred to the tretment without mulhing prties. Figure 3: Chlorophyll ontent for Btng Meru Series 35

4 6 5 Chlorophyll Content LSD : 2.39 Tretment Mens vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t P<.5, sed on lest signifint T1, g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T2, 48 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T3, 72 g/tree per yer + No Mulhing T4, 48 g/tree per yer + Mulhing T5, 72 g/tree per yer + Mulhing DISCUSSION When forests re lered for griulture, hnges detrimentl to the environment n our lrgely due to ltertions in the hydrologil yle, miro-limte, iologil popultions nd soil physil properties. (Smrppulli et. l., 1999). Mulhing inreses nd onserves moisture in the soil nd lso enourges more prolifi root development. (Pushprjh & Yew, 1977). In griulturl prtie, mulhing now inludes the pplition of ny of vriety of mterils to the surfe of the soil round the stem of the growing plnt, with view to improving onditions for the root. Mulhing n enefit soil onditions in vriety of wys. Mulh protets the soil from extremes of temperture; in temperte limtes mrket grden rops re thus proteted from frost in order to fore erly growth. An exmple of the prtie to redue soil erosion is mulhing, extensively employed fter the hrvest in dry lnd frming. Mulhing ffords n importnt mens of onserving wter, not only y evportion ut lso y improving the permeility of the soil surfe to rin; it is used with tropil rops suh s offee nd sugr ne to meliorte drought. A lyer of mulh will lso suppress weeds. Mulhing is most neessry during the first twelve months of growth; fter this period the ruer roots should e exploiting lrge re of soil nd so should e less sensitive to drought. The rte of girthing of young trees hs een shown to e inresed y mulhing (Ruer Reserh Institute of Mlysi, 1956). Mulhing, form of low input tehnology, is reommended prtie in Heve ultivtion. Mulhing not only protets the soil surfe from erosion y rin, ut lso provides ool nd moist environment for root growth (RRIM, 1956). Smrppuli (1992) found tht rie strw s mulhing mteril for immture ruer improved the nutritionl sttus of the soil. In erly growth, the young Heve plnt depends gretly on the ondition of the surfe soil s its root system is onfined minly to tht lyer. With proper mulhing whih keeps the soil moist nd ool under dverse wether onditions, root development is enhned (Mhmud, 1995). Btng Meru series is lssified s fine lomy silieous, isohyperthermi, fmily of Orthoxi Tropudult nd developed from igneous nd high grde metmorphi roks. They hve yellow olours (7.5 YR to 1 YR), fine ly (35-6%) nd fine silt (<3%) (DOA., 211). In this study, Btng Meru series hs yellow to yellowish rown (1 YR 6/4 7/8), onsists of 38% ly, 4% silt nd 58% snd. There re few types of soil series tht re lmost similr to Btng Meru series suh s Bungor series nd Temeling series. However, they re differentited y prent mteril, whih is Btng Meru onsists of qurtz, while Bungor series onsists of shle nd Temeling series onsists of Tuffeous shle (DOA, 211). In term of plnt growth of RRIM 31, the mulhing prties showed etter performne on Btng Meru series, whih is higher girth inrement ompred to the non-mulhing prties. On the other hnds, RRIM (1953) noted tht mulhing round the young plnts during the first yer fter plnting will ssist growth y mintining moisture ontent nd lower temperture in the surfe soil. Girth of young trees inreses during mulhing (RRIM, 1956). In this study, Btng Meru series hd more thn 5% of snd, followed y ly nd silt in term of soil physil properties. Chn et l., (1974) reported tht non-uniformity 36

5 of growth is due to the soil texturl vrition nd the pthes of poor growth or performne re likely to e found on sndier soils. In ddition, Sivndyn (1972) reported tht there n e exessive lehing losses due to lk of ly tht retins moisture nd nutrients. Mulhing would e enefiil to meliorte this sitution. Furthermore, Hrids et l., (1987) in his study on the nutrient ontent of vrious mulhing mterils reported tht wild nns were found to ontin the highest level of nutrients, prtiulrly nitrogen nd potssium, followed y grsses nd oil plm fronds. However, Gurmit et l.,(1989) emphsized in his study tht empty fruit unhes (EPB) of oil plm re the most desirle mulhing mteril s they re potentil soures of oth orgni mtter nd nutrients. CONCLUSION The result otined from this experiment proved the effet of fertilizer pplition nd mulhing prties give fvourle effet on the growth of RRIM 31 sed on girth mesurement nd hlorophyll ontent nlysis. For the response of ruer trees towrds mulhing prties, it n e onluded tht the mulhing prties hs responded to girth nd height mesurements y ompring to the non-mulh prties. The response in physiologil spets showed tht the mulhing prties hd higher vlues thn other tretments whih re non-mulh prties. Similr result ws oserved in hlorophyll ontent whih is mulhing prties whih gives higher result ompred to non-mulh prties. REFERENCES Chn, H.Y., Wong, C.B., Sivndyn, K. nd Pushprjh, E. (1974). Influene of Soil Morphology nd Physiogrphy on Lef Nutrient Content nd Performne of Heve. Proeedings of RRIM Plnters Conferene. Deprtment of Agriulture of Ml (211). Soil Correltion 1/211 Alor Gjh,Melk. Tour Bulletin 1/211. Gurmit, S., Mnohrn, S. nd Toh Ti Sn (1989). United Plnttions Approh to Plm Oil Mill y-produt Mngement nd Utilistion. Proeeding Interntionl Plm Oil Conferene Kul Lumpur.: Hrids, G., Zinol in Mohd. Eusof., Mohd. Noor in Sudin., Au Tli in Bhik nd Rymond Yp, N.Y. (1987). Soil Moisture Conservtion in Ruer.Proeedings RRIM Ruer Growers Conferene. Pushprjh, E. nd Yew, F.K. (1977). Mngement of Soils. Soils under Heve in Peninsulr Mlysi nd Their Mngement. Ruer Reserh Institute of Mlysi (1953). Fertiliser Tretments nd Mintenne for Young Replntings. Plnters Bulletin (9): Ruer Reserh Institute of Mlysi (1956). Mulhing. Plnters Bulletin (26): Smrppuli, L., Yogrtnm, N., Krunds, P. nd Mitrsen, U. (1999). Effets of Mulhing with Rie Strw on Some Physil Properties of Soils Under Ruer. Journl Ruer Reserh 2(1): Smrppuli, L. (1992). Some Agronomi Prties To Overome Moisture Stress in Heve rsiliensis. Indi. Journl Ntionl Ruer Reserh (5): Smrppuli, L., Yogrtnm, N., Krunds, P. nd Mitrsen, U. (1999). Effets of Mulhing with Rie Strw on Some Physil Properties of Soils Under Ruer. Journl Ruer Reserh 2(1): Sivndyn, K. (1972). Lysimeter Studies On the Effiieny of Some Potssium nd Nitrogenous Fertilizers On Two Common Soils in West Mlysi. Proeedings 2 nd ASEAN Soil Conferene Djkrt. Zinol, E., (1998). Influene of Tillge Prties On Immture Growth of Clones RRIM 91 nd PB 26. Plnters Bulletin (1): Muhmmd Zhidin in Rzmn Mlysin Ruer Bord Emil: zhidin@lgm.gov.my Wn Mohmed Noordin in Wn Dud University of Putr Mlysi 434 UPM Serdng, Selngor Emil: wnordin@upm.edu.my Zulkefly Sulimn Institute Plnttion Studies University of Putr Mlysi 434 UPM Serdng, Selngor Emil: zulkefly@upm.edu.my 37

H. Randall Smith; Ph.D. Agronomy and Wayne Porter: Ph.D. Horticulture Mississippi State University Extension Service

H. Randall Smith; Ph.D. Agronomy and Wayne Porter: Ph.D. Horticulture Mississippi State University Extension Service Effect of SumGrow on growth, development nd yield of Irish pottoes (Solnum tuerosum) t the Beumont Reserch Sttion (Mississippi Stte University) during 217 H. Rndll Smith; Ph.D. Agronomy nd yne Porter: