Lignocellulosic residues use for energy and materials in the bio- economy: The Dutch experience

Transcription

1 Lignocellulosic residues use for energy and materials in the bio- economy: The Dutch experience Biofuels and their future in the power matrix University of Chile by Jan E.G van Dam Santiago de Chile 2009

2 Product development for Bio-based Materials Jan E.G van Dam Div Biobased Products Wageningen UR

3 Bio-economy.the solution for sustainable developments...?...

4 Bioeconomy.the solution for financial bubbles and crises...?...

5 Bioeconomy.the solution for sustainable green developments...?...

6 Bio-economy and Sustainable developments KYOTO and CO 2 neutral production Transition process Copenhagen 2009 Renewable resources for energy and industries Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial residues Value addition in materials, and green chemicals

7 Dutch situation Densely populated Restricted land area for bulk production Specialized high productivity farming Highly industrialized Logistic organisation Long trading tradition

8 Dutch challenges: Milenium development goals Reduce oil dependency Imports of biomass Collecting and on site pre-processing systems Biorefineries analogue to petrochemical refining Exports of value added green chemicals

9 Dutch Government and Industries vs Bioeconomy Advise for CO 2 neutral production Alternative biomass farming Energy crops / Marine crops / algae / seaweeds Suitable sources for imports for fuel and chemistry and biobased products Carbon emission trade Development aid and CDM

10 Renewable Resources for energy and industries Industrial chemical feedstock complex route glucose based chemistry C6 lignin based chemistry C9 C1 / C2 chemical building blocks (syngas) Bio-refinery, bio-cascading, whole crop utilisation opening, refining, extraction, etc

11 Biobased materials Biomass for energy returns quickly CO 2 in the atmosphere Carbon sequestration can be achieved in durable goods: Bioplastics (PLA, PHA/PHB and other), Cellulose and Starch plastics (CDA, cellophane), Char Composites Building materials (wood and fibre boards)

12 Biorefinery Food Feed Materials Chemicals Fuels Power Heat Bio-Economy

13 Market Volume Bio chemicals Biomaterials Bioenergy Food/Feed Market Price

14 Fuels Bioenergy Food Power Heat Bio-based Products Feed Materials Chemicals

15 Biorefinery (cascading) of biomass Biomass extraction extract precipitation Protein, lipids modificationcoatings Biopolymers disposal drying chopping pelletising composting residue fuel refining ash tar sugars Alcohol / H 2 fibre pulp effluent gassify combustion silica fermentation Paper / board adhesives Feed Energy waste compost

16 Biorefinery is Green Chemistry Raw materials Processes Products seed leaf tuber Plant breeding,gmo Seperation unit (biorefinery) inter mediate processes Chemistry Microbiology Enzymology Biotechnology Process technology and food technology PET NYLON Polylactate Biodiesel Bioelectricity Logistics and rural economy, Environmental economy Thermodynamics

17 Renewable Resources for energy and industries Speciality crops cosmetics and pharma - small volume / high price Non-food crops oil, fibre (textile, paper pulp), fermentation feedstock Energy crops transport fuel and electricity - bulk volume/ low price

18 Biorefinery: raw material cost from Pharma to Fuel Pharma /kg Endproduct Enzymes 150 Small volume (Arg.) 4 Large volume (Glu.) 1.5 Bulk chemical 0.5 Transport fuel 0.3 Electricity fuel Volume kton/y Kton raw mat. (a 35/ton) Raw material MM /y Loss10% rendement MM /y

19 Aloe vera glucomannan Skin care gels health

20 Linking of markets F o o d 1 s t Ag r o lo g is t ic s Fo o d p r e t r e a t m e n t C o n ve r s io n Fo o d p r o d u c t io n $ A g r i s o u r c e s B io m a s s A g r o -fo o d io p r o d u c t io n B y p r o d u c t s & w a s t e L o g is t ic s & s t o r a g e p r o d u c t io n Im p o r t s Pr e -t r e a t m e n t & c o n ve r s io n b io c o n ve r sio n p h y sic a l& c h e m ic a l c on v e r sio n p r o c e ss e ng i n e e ri n g C o n v e r s io n P r o d u c t io n P e r f o r m a n c e m a t e r ia ls B a s e & p la t f o r m c he m ic a ls P e r f o r m a n c e c he m ic a ls B io En e r g y P r o d u c t io n $ $ B io b a s e d P r o d u c t s B io b a s e d m a te r ia ls G r e e n c h e m ic a ls B io - fu e ls B io -e n e r g y N o n - f o o d : F e e d C o m p o s t W a s te m a n a g e m e n t.

21 Natural fibres end use Textiles, yarns and woven fabrics Ropes, twines, cordage, nets Non-woven fabrics, tissues Composites Paper and board Fibre boards and insulation Bio-ethanol Fuel Mulch and compost value addition

22 The Word textile Fibres production 40,000 35,000 30,000 World fibre production (kton) Cotton Synthetic (petro-based) Man-made cellulose fibres * 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,

23 Bamboo growing Regions USA Nicaragua Colombia Brazil EU Cameroon Nigeria Ghana Ethiopia Kenia India China Viet Nam Fujian Province Economic and Trade Committee

24 Growing demand for biomass resources Agricultural & Forestry crops for energy and materials Transfer of technology and innovation Biorefinery / bioconversion cascading of biomass for value addition

25 Biomass conversion to energy Selection criteria biomass p r e t r e a t m e n t Water % content <15% >85 % process & products Gassify ( C) Combustion ( C) Pyrolysis ( C) Liquefaction (< 300 C) Fermentation (20-70 C) CO 2 H 2 CH Heat Gas, oil, tar Oil Temperature / pressure ethanol butano, aceton, l, CH 4 H 2

26 How to supply the bio-economy economy? Is there enough biomass available that can be utilized without negative effects on food supply and bio-diversity??

27 Competing claims for biomass resources Sustainable production food supply security land use deforestation rural development FAO / UNEP / UNIDO / IEA NGO Rapid expansion of demand for energy purposes DEVELOPMENT OF BIOREFINERY

28 Transition to the bio-economy For human consumption 6 Gt is harvested each year for food, feed and non-food (or 3.5% of total plant production)

29 Transition to the bio-economy Current world wide land use: 10-12% 12% cultivated terrestrial surface or 50% of the suitable arable land area and 25% forest area (including plantations)

30 Transition to the bio-economy What are the biomass resources where are those available at what costs??

31 Transition to the bio-economy What are the biomass resources where are those available And for which sustainable application?

32 Transition to the bio-economy How much biomass is needed to supply industries at viable economical scale and of what quality??

33 Unused biomass resources Agricultural crops residues Forestry crops Animal waste Municipal solid waste Marine crops Agricultural Food industry wastes Forestry residues Black liquor Waste paper Manure Sewage Algae, Fishery residues

34 Various Crops and Regions Soft Wood Wheat Corn Soya Cotton Coconut Bamboo Sugarcane Soya Hard Wood Soft Wood Wheat Sugar beet Cacao Algae Cassava Cotton Cotton Bamboo Soft Wood Rice Bamboo Coconut Palm oil Hard Wood Eucalypt Soya Eucalypt

35 Renewable raw materials and sustainable development Agroresidues of food and non-food crops cotton stalks rice straw / hull sugar cane bagasse corn cobs coconut husk jute fibre and other fibre crops palm oil residues eucalypt bark verge grasses / bamboo

36 R&D activities for sustainable developments (1) Supply management Upgrading of existing and innovative technologies to ecologically improved production Novel innovative markets for renewable products Valorisation of residues

37 R&D activities for sustainable developments (2) Agro-logistics, storage, transport and packaging White biotechnology, biorefinery Product development Renewable energy from biomass residues Building and construction materials Green chemicals and bio-polymers, adhesives, additives and coatings

38 Biomass from agro-industrial residues World production capacity coconut husk million tons / year

39 Husk preparation (CFC/ FAO project) Coconut Coconut husk Opening Milling

40 coconut based boards High quality wood substitute products High strength Moisture Good workability Fire resistance Resistance to biodegradation Added value for wasted resource abundantly available Highly competitive cheap resource Non need for expensive chemical additives Ecologically save material CO 2 neutral Fits in policies for sustainable development

41 Building and construction materials

42 Economical evaluation Production: 10,000 tonnes board/year 400,000 boards 4 ft*8 ft* 0.25 inch 1,333 boards/day Raw material 77,650,000 husks/year 260,000 husks/day Investment estimate 650,000 US$

43 Eucalypt bark INNOVA Esquerré LtD

44 Eucalypt bark applications Binderless fibre board / particle board Pyrolysis oil for green chemicals (resins) Non-woven erosion mats (geotextiles) Charcoal and micro-powder Pellets for fuel

45 Biomass requirement for industrial board production guaranteed supplies sufficient quantities of raw material whole year availability constant quality competing price

46 Jute based geotextiles with prolonged life-time Dunes replanting with jute fabric

47 Demands functional lifetime geotextile

48 Experimental plot Regge & Dinkel, March 1999

49 Durability increase by acetylation Conclusions: 3-5 x life time extension of jute, flax and cocos Very well rooting of plants After 5 yrs only cocos can be retraced

50 Technology for natural fibre reinforced plastics Raw materials agrofibre PP Extrusion Granules Injection moulding Compression (one-shot) moulding

51 Production of high yield pulps from green jute Newsprint quality High yields Low chemical input Low COD and BOD demands Options considered: Extrusion pulping Refiner mechanical pulping Enzyme pretreatment

52 Pilot scale biopulping experiments (USA)

53 Oil Palm (Malaysia( Malaysia, Indonesia) 27 millions of tons a year, 23% of the World s vegetable oil production (2003) Extensive global expansion (from 2 to 7 million ha in last 20 years) 80% of the World production on account of Malaysia and Indonesia Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the only products (9% of the produced biomass), the rest is waste

54 Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial residues palm oil residues low utilisation rate

55 Utilisation of Palm oil residues Lignocellulosic fibres at estate fronts (10.5 tons /ha/yr) trunks (70 tons / ha / 25 yr) Residues at palm oil mill empty fruit bunch (1 ton / ton palm oil) mesocarp fibre (0.6 ton / ton) shells (0.4 ton / ton) effluent ( ton/ton) partly used as boiler fuel

56 Options for sustainable residue utilisation Bio-diesel (residual oil / pressing cakes) Bio-gas, H 2 / ABE and ethanol fermentation Bio-polymers (PLA, PHA) Bio-oil pyrolysis (BTG) / Charcoal Fibres for paper, building boards and composites Dissolving cellulose green chemicals (lignin and furfural adhesives)

57 Sustainable building Renewable materials High performance Competing for quality for comfort for safety

58 Bamboo fast growing biomass resource Industrial application in textile fibre paper & pulp cellulose materials particle boards and laminated structures China: shortage of wood resources non-polluting bamboo innovation

59 Innovations for bamboo fibre cellulose processing cellulose modification (acylation) xylan product development lignin conversion silica & wax bamboo carbon fibre recycling and chemical recovery

60 Bamboo structures Simon Velez

61 Bamboo plywood construction

62 Sustainability criteria Ecological.. Wood substitute products to prevent deforestation Carbon credits / CDM Socio-economic labour, income and housing Addressing poverty by supporting the incomes and livelihoods of commodity producers Fair trade and quality certification

63 Conclusions By-products utilisation for added value is beneficial to the sustainability of crop production Essential for certifying the sustainability of biomass energy and products. Multi-stakeholder involvement needed. Include outsider (food vs non-food) industries involved in energy and fibre products

64 Developmental strategy Demonstration of technical feasibility laboratory and pilot scale socio-economic potential field study marketing potential business plan Identification of partners in primary production and industry investors and stakeholders

65 Industrial implementation of R&D difficult and slow remain at the level of laboratory or pilot scale lack of investors small size of the industries involved in innovation (SME) not capable of organising raw materials supplies maintenance of quality standards marketing tools to penetrate market niche fast enough

66 Dutch Government new initiatives Nov 2009 Ministries of Economic Affairs and Agriculture join efforts to boost investments in bio-economic developments: Support for Pilot and demonstration plants for biorefinery to make food medicines, feed, chemicals biofuels and materials 10 M Subsidies for gassification of biomass 13.5 M Financial injection in R&D for aquatic biomass (algae and seaweeds) 1.3 M Innovation agenda energy: clean & efficient

67 Alginate polyuronic acids from Sea weeds print paste dental modeling gel wound dressing

68 Outlook markets for biobased materials Many innovative industrial projects possible but Not without industrial investment and government commitment Bio-based economy is investment in the future

69 companies TO GET INVOLVED: Primary processors / biorefineries Fibre pulping industries Cellulose manufacturing Cellulose textiles Bio resin producers Fibre board producers Fibre composites producers Activated carbon Bio plastics Building industries.. And many more

70 Conclusion There is no need for waste when it s s bio-based based