The role of coal in Japanese society

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "The role of coal in Japanese society"

Meryl Carpenter
5 years ago
Views:

1 Japan CCS Forum 2017 The role of coal in Japanese society June 27, 2017 Masana EZAWA Director, Coal Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2 1 Japan s energy policy and the coal 1

3 1-1. Advantages of Coal Though coal is not the only the most abundant fossil fuel, it exists worldwide. In many parts of the world, coal is the low-cost and stable energy resource. Fuel Cost (CIF in Japan) (yen/1,000kcal) 12.0 原油 OIL 一般炭 COAL LNG 年 2003 年 2005 年 2007 年 2009 年 2011 年 2013 年 2015 年 Recoverable reserves (year) Oil Natural Gas Coal % 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fuel reserve locations 2.5% 7.6% 8.2% 7.6% 32.3% 3.6% 47.7% 42.7% 0.1% 34.8% 9.1% 1.6% 31.0% 19.4% 27.5% 13.7% 4.1% 6.5% Oil Natural Coal Gas North America Latin America Europe Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 2

4 1-2. Stable Supply of Coal (Fossil Fuel Export Countries to Japan) Strait of Hormuz 8.8% Indonesia, 17.1% Coal (2015) China, 0.9% Others, USA, 3.2% Canada, 1.6% 4.2% Russia, Middle-East dependence 0% Total import: million t/year Australia, 65.0% Ref.: Trade statistics Crude oil (2015) Natural gas (2015) Mexico, 1.2% Vietnam, 0.9% Iraq, 1.6% Indonesia, 2.2% Others, 5.6% Iran, 5.0% Kuwait, 7.8% Qatar, 8.1% Russia, 8.8% Middle-East dependence 81.7% Total import: 3.35 million BD/year UAE, 25.2% Saudi Arabia, 33.5% UAE, 6.4% Oman, 2.7% Papua New Others, 2.6% Guinea, 4.8% Nigeria, 5.4% Brunei, 5.0% Indonesia, 6.9% Russia, 8.9% Middle-East dependence 26.5% Total import: million t/year Qatar, 17.2% Australia, 21.9% Malaysia, 18.3% 3

5 1-3. Target for 3E + S Japanese government set out Japan s energy mix toward 2030 in July, 2015 The basic principles of 3E+S is to achieve 3E+S (Safety, Energy security, Economic efficiency, Environment) simultaneously, and to materialize balanced electricity configuration. safety Energy Security (Self-sufficiency) 6% (Now) Economic Efficiency (Power cost) Electricity tariff increase after Great East Japan Earthquake (The renewable energy surcharge of FY2015 is 1.3trillion) target 25% target Lower the Current tariff level Environment (GHG emission) CO 2 emission increase - Increase in thermal power generation - Nuclear power plant suspended target Set out ambitious reduction target 4

1-4. Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook and GHG reduction target In Japan s energy mix in 2030, Nuclear, RE, LNG, Coal account for approx. 1/4 each.

Japan sets out 26% GHG reduction target by 2030 compared to 2013. Japan is promoting the development of CO2 capture, storage and utilization technology for 2030 and after.

6 1-4. Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook and GHG reduction target In Japan s energy mix in 2030, Nuclear, RE, LNG, Coal account for approx. 1/4 each. As for coal power plant and LNG power plant, Japan will utilize these power generation by improving thermal efficiency and reducing the environmental impact. Japan sets out 26% GHG reduction target by 2030 compared to Japan is promoting the development of CO2 capture, storage and utilization technology for 2030 and after. Power source composition of 2030 Nuclear 1% Renewables 11% Oil 15% LNG 43% Coal 30% 2013 Nuclear power 22-20% LNG 27% Renewal energy 22-24% Coal 26% 2030 Petroleum 3% Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target Energy-oriented CO % Reduction of GHG by 26%by 2030 *Compared to 2013 Measures against sinks 2.6% Other greenhouse gases 1.5% Among this, the energy conversion field achieves a reduction by approximately 30% (101 -> 73 million t-co 2 ) 5

1-5. Realization of Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook by operating thermal power plants In order to realize the Energy mixture in Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook by improving its

7 1-5. Realization of Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook by operating thermal power plants In order to realize the Energy mixture in Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook by improving its thermal efficiency into the level of USC (Ultra Super Critical) LNG thermal plant: improve its efficiency at the level of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) Coal fired plant: use and operate IGCC or IGFC which has the latest technology Low efficient thermal plant: replace the worse one by better one Image of the capacity of thermal plant, in order to realizing the energy mixture Generated energy (kwh) billion billion Operation rate (10 thousand kw) 80 % 68 %* 47 million kw 40 million kw 50% Sub-C SC Newly establish (under assess and supply plan) Renewab le energy USC * Decline of operation rate based calculation using the energy mixture 50% USC Source: WG on Criteria for judgment for thermal power plant 6

8 1-6. Replacement of old thermal power plant Replacements of existing thermal power plants (e.g. single cycle LNG power plant, Sub-C and SC Coal power plant) are necessary to improve their thermal efficiency. Coal power plant LNG power plant Technology Installed capacity The period when was introduced in earnest Technology Installed capacity The period when was introduced in earnest Sub-C (Sub Critical) approx. 9 GW 1960s - Conventional type approx. 25 GW 1970s - SC (super Critical) approx. 17 GW 1980s - Combined cycle (GTCC) approx. 45 GW 1980s - USC (Ultra Super Critical) approx. 16 GW About Needed to be replaced 7

9 1-7. Electric Power Supplier s Voluntary Framework Ensuring the effectiveness of the power industry s voluntary framework and transparency through collective implementation of political measures based on the Energy Saving Acts and the Act on Sophisticated Methods. Achieving a target of 0.37kg-CO2/kWh 1Electric power supplier s voluntary framework Setting a target of 0.37kg-CO2/kWh(2030) in accordance with the energy mix (covering over 99% of electric power sales) Creation of a new follow-up system Establishment of The Electric Power Council for a Low Carbon Society -> The implementation status of an individual company is checked every year to review its plan if needed. 2 Support system (Power generation phase) 3 Support system (Retail phase) Development of regulations based on the Energy Saving Act. Requiring power generators to increase the efficiency of thermal power generation -Establishing the efficiency standards for every newly built plant (Coal: Equivalent to USC, LNG: Equivalent to GTCC) -Establishing the efficiency standards on a power generator basis including existing plants (Power generation efficiency in accordance with the energy mix) Development of regulations based on the Sophisticated Methods of Energy Supply Structures. Requiring retailers to procure low carbon -All retailers -Non-fossil power of 44% by 2030 (Equivalent to 0.37kg- CO2/kWh together with the Energy Saving Act) -CO2 is included in the subject to reporting in addition to the ratio of non-fossil power -Achieving targets in collaboration The METI Minister instructs, advises, recommends and orders based on actual achievement (Ensuring effectiveness and transparency) Support system (Market design) Energy market design in accordance with deregulation: Retailing guideline, etc. 8

10 1-8. Efficiency Standards [Effective from April 1st, 2016] Fuel New (Gross, HHV) All Existing Units Average (Gross, HHV) Coal 42.0 % 41 % Nat. Gas 50.5 % 48 % Oil 39.0% 39 % [References for Application] Achievement Indices for All Existing Units Index A Index A Actual Coal Efficiency Index B Index B + Coal Share = Actual Coal Efficiency Coal Target National Optimum Coal Share (41%) + Actual NG Efficiency Actual NG Efficiency + NG Share National Optimum NG Ratio NG Target(48%) Actual Oil Efficiency +Actual Oil Efficiency + Oil Share National Optimum Oil Ratio Oil Target(39%) = Index A 1.00 = Index B 44.3% 1. Scope of Application 2. Efficiency Calculation Corrections 3. Exemption for New Units 4. Effective Date 5. Annual Report 1 Electricity Selling Ratio 50% 2Company Capacity 10MW 3Unit Capacity 1000kW 1Useful use of by-products: Equivalent Input=(All Input)-(Input by byproducts) 2Cogeneration: Equivalent output=(electricity output)+(utilized waste heat) 3Biomass: Equivalent Input=(All Input)-(Input by biomass) Not applicable if, 1Bid for power market already underway 2 Environmental assessment already underway 3 Main equipment purchase order already issued From April 1 st, 2016 (Target Year: 2030FY) Annual Reporting Deadline: End of July, every year All Rights Reserved. C Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo 9

11 2. Technology road map and Clean Coal Technology 10

2-1. The prospect of highly efficient and low-carbon next-generation thermal power generation technology Power generation efficiency 65% 60% Ultrahigh Temperature Gas Turbine

Approximately 63% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 280 g/kw 1700 deg.

Approximately 52% CO 2 emissions: 340 g/kwh Advanced Humid Air Gas Turbine (AHAT) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 51% CO 2 emissions: 350 g/kwh A-USC Reduction of CO 2

C-class IGCC IGFC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 30% Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 55% CO 2

: Approximately 40% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 820 g/kwh Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 46% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 710

12 2-1. The prospect of highly efficient and low-carbon next-generation thermal power generation technology Power generation efficiency 65% 60% Ultrahigh Temperature Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power generation efficiency : Approximately 57% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 310 g/kwh Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (GTFC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 63% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 280 g/kw 1700 deg. C-class GTCC GTFC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 20% LNG thermal power Coal-fired power 55% 50% 45% Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 52% CO 2 emissions: 340 g/kwh Advanced Humid Air Gas Turbine (AHAT) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 51% CO 2 emissions: 350 g/kwh A-USC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 10% Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 20% 1700 deg. C-class IGCC IGFC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 30% Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 55% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 590 g/kwh Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 40% IGCC(Verification by blowing air) Ultra Super Critical (USC) Power generation efficiency : Approximately 40% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 820 g/kwh Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 46% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 710 g/kwh Power generation efficiency: Approximately 46 to 50% CO 2 emissions: 650 g/kwh (1700 deg. C- class) Photos by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and Osaki CoolGen Corporation * The prospect of power generation efficiencies and discharge rates in the above Figure were estimated based on various assumptions at this moment. Present Around

2-2. Future schedule for R&D R&D related to highly efficiency of thermal power generation technology is targeted for 2030 as well as the technology for lowcarbon targeted for after 2030.

13 2-2. Future schedule for R&D R&D related to highly efficiency of thermal power generation technology is targeted for 2030 as well as the technology for lowcarbon targeted for after Commercialize right after establishment of technologies. Efforts toward 2030 Highly efficiency of thermal power generation 1 IGFC 1 R&D for fuel cells related to IGFC 2 R&D for class gas turbine Development of additional technologies toward largescale/ Commercialized IGFC Apply/share result Development of additional technologies toward large-scale/ commercialized GTFC Establishment of technologies Establishment of technologies Establishment of technologies Efforts toward 2030 and after CCUS technologies 3 R&D for closed IGCC 3 R&D for effective use of CO2 R&D and demonstration for CO2 capture closed IGCC R&D and demonstration for effective use of CO2 有望な回収技術の開発 Establishment of technologies 3 R&D for effective use of coal by chemical looping combustion for CO2 capture 3 R&D and demonstration for effective use of coal by chemical looping combustion for CO2 capture 2012FY 2020FY 2025FY after 2030FY 12

14 3. Carbon dioxide Capture, Use and Storage & Clean Coal Technology 13

3-1. CCU and CCS The technologies for capturing, storing or effectively utilizing CO 2 emitted from power plants (CCUS) can be a key to reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants to almost zero.

Japan promotes various research, development and demonstration projects related to CCUS towards realizing drastic CO 2 emission reduction after 2030.

released. Separated and captured CO 2 An example of separation and capture system The technology for storing separated and captured CO 2 in the ground.

15 3-1. CCU and CCS The technologies for capturing, storing or effectively utilizing CO 2 emitted from power plants (CCUS) can be a key to reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants to almost zero. In order to realize these technologies, several barriers should be overcome, such as ensuring low costs and storage areas. Japan promotes various research, development and demonstration projects related to CCUS towards realizing drastic CO 2 emission reduction after Thermal power plant CO 2 capture( Carbon dioxide Capture ) Placing CO 2 separation and capture systems in thermal power up to more than 90% of CO 2 can be captured withplants captures out being released. Separated and captured CO 2 An example of separation and capture system The technology for storing separated and captured CO 2 in the ground. CO 2 storage(ccs: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) Although it is expected that large amounts of CO 2 can be treated, the acquisition of real operating capability and the selection of place available for storage are the issues. The research and development as well as verification test are in the process toward the realization of CCS technology around Conceptual diagram of CCS 工場等 Storage layer Shielding layer CO2は岩石中の隙間に貯留される CO2 CO2 CO2 Shielding layer Storage layer CO 2 Utilization (CCU: Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilization) The technology for producing valuables such as alternative fuels to oil and chemical raw materials using captured CO 2. The expansion of the application for utilizing a large amount of CO 2, the establishment of the mechanism for generating profit, and the efficiency of treatment technology are the issues. 14

3-2. Japan s CCS Policy To aim the practical use of CCS technology around 2020, METI conducts Tomakomai

site. Projects / FY 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020~ Tomakomai Demo Pj.

R&Ds Verifying Safety Evaluation Technologies (1) Safety Evaluation Technologies A (2) CO 2 Capture

16 3-2. Japan s CCS Policy To aim the practical use of CCS technology around 2020, METI conducts Tomakomai Demonstration Project, R&D projects of elemental technologies for CCS, and survey for potential CO 2 storage site. Projects / FY ~ Tomakomai Demo Pj. Construction CO 2 Injection 100, ,000t/year A Post Injection Monitoring Achieving Operation Abilities R&Ds Verifying Safety Evaluation Technologies (1) Safety Evaluation Technologies A (2) CO 2 Capture Technologies A Confirming CCS safety Cost Reduction Practical use of CCS tech. CCS Site Survey Geological Survey A Drilling Exploration wells Identifying CO2 Storage Site 15

17 3-2. Capture Facility (Outlook) 産業技術環境局環境調和産業技術室

3-3. Clean Coal Technology for Global Environment For some countries, adopting high efficiency coal power generation technology is a

International comparison of the amount of SOx, NOx per thermal power generation CO2 Emissions/kWh by Fuels for Power Generation

available via OECD s ilibrary electricity generation/iea ENERGY BALANCES OF COUNTRIES 2012 EDITION Japan: Federation of Electric

) Combined* (R&D) *The average of the conventional, 1300 degrees C, and 1500 degrees C classes R:177 G:151 B:211 CO 2 emissions from

593 Source: Figures in Japan were estimated based on the report by the Central Research Institute gco2/kwh gco2/kwh gco2/kwh of

18 3-3. Clean Coal Technology for Global Environment For some countries, adopting high efficiency coal power generation technology is a realistic and effective choice for environmental protection. Japan has a long history of the development of the CCT. International comparison of the amount of SOx, NOx per thermal power generation CO2 Emissions/kWh by Fuels for Power Generation (g-co 2 /kwh) (g/kwh) Synthesis of Coal, Oil, Gas Power Coal Power Source: overseas: emission/oecd Stat Extract Complete database available via OECD s ilibrary electricity generation/iea ENERGY BALANCES OF COUNTRIES 2012 EDITION Japan: Federation of Electric Power Companies investigation J-POWER Isogo: actual data at 2012 India U.S. China Germany World Coal (JPN Ave.) Oil LNG LNG (JPN Ave.) Combined* (R&D) *The average of the conventional, 1300 degrees C, and 1500 degrees C classes R:177 G:151 B:211 CO 2 emissions from coalfired power generation in foreign countries R:255 G:190 B:60 CO 2 emissions from coal-fired power generation in Japan Source: Figures in Japan were estimated based on the report by the Central Research Institute gco2/kwh gco2/kwh gco2/kwh of Electric Power Industry (2016) and development goals of each research project. Figures in foreign countries were taken from CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

19 3-4. CO2 Reduction Potential by Efficiency Improvement The CO 2 reduction potential through applying the Japanese USC power plant to existing coal-fired power plants in the USA, China and India is 1.2Gt in total, based on the 2013 data. CO 2 emission (Mt-CO2) ( 28) ( 288) ( 665) (Mt) (Mt) (Mt) 1.2Gt 886 ( 228) Actual 実績 BP BAT ケース Actual 実績 BP BAT ケース Actual 実績 BP BAT ケース Actual 実績 BP BAT ケース Japan 日本 USA 米国 China 中国 India インド Source: IEA World Energy Outlook

20 Thank you for your attention! Agency for Natural Resources and Energy 19

Japan s Energy Mix and Clean Coal Technology

Japan s Energy Mix and Clean Coal Technology Takafumi KAKUDO Director, Coal Division Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Principles of Japan s Energy Policy