Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528. Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e Withgott/Brennan 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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1 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528

2 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 529 Alaska s North Slope Arctic Ocean ALASKA CANADA Pacific Ocean UNITED STATES

3 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 529

4 Figure 19.1 Alaska s North Slope Arctic Ocean Anchorage Canada Valdez Oil development actual (purple) Oil development 1972 estimate (blue) Trans-Alaska pipeline Arctic coastal plain Prudhoe Bay 1002 Area Arctic foothills National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska (NPRA) Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Canada Northern border of Brooks Range Trans-Alaska pipeline

5 Figure 19.2 World fossil fuel consumption (billion tons of oil equivalent) Coal Oil Natural gas Year

6 TABLE 19.1 Energy Sources We Use Today Energy source Description Type of energy Chapter Crude oil Fossil fuel extracted from ground (liquid) Nonrenewable 19 Natural gas Fossil fuel extracted from ground (gas) Nonrenewable 19 Coal Fossil fuel extracted from ground (solid) Nonrenewable 19 Nuclear energy Energy from atomic nuclei of uranium Nonrenewable 20 Biomass energy Energy stored in plant matter from photosynthesis Renewable 20 Hydropower Energy from running water Renewable 20 Solar energy Energy from sunlight directly Renewable 21 Wind energy Energy from wind Renewable 21 Geothermal energy Earth s internal heat rising from core Renewable 21 Tidal and wave energy Energy from tidal forces and ocean waves Renewable 21

7 Figure 19.3 Nuclear Export Imports Export Coal Electric power Imports Other inputs Export Natural gas Imports Other inputs Export Oil Imports Other inputs Renewables Production and imports Distribute electricity Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Other outputs and losses Consumption Lost energy

8 Figure 19.4 Woody terrestrial vegetation dies and falls into swamp Ancient swamp Ancient ocean Organic matter from woody land plants partly decomposed by microbes under accumulating sediments; kerogen forms Anaerobic conditions Heat and pressure deep underground alter kerogen Coal formed from kerogen Present day Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other marine organisms die and sink to sea floor Organic matter from soft-bodied sea life partly decomposed by microbes under accumulating sediments; some carbon bonds broken; kerogen forms Thermogenic natural gas formed from kerogen Crude oil formed from kerogen

9 TABLE 19.2 Nations with the Largest Proven Reserves of Fossil Fuels Oil (% world reserves) Natural gas (% world reserves) Coal (% world reserves) Saudi Arabia, 19.8 Russia, 23.7 United States, 28.9 Venezuela, 12.9 Iran, 15.8 Russia, 19.0 Iran, 10.3 Qatar, 13.5 China, 13.9 Iraq, 8.6 Turkmenistan, 4.3 Australia, 9.2 Kuwait, 7.6 Saudi Arabia, 4.2 India, 7.1 United Arab Emirates, 7.3 Russia, 5.6 United Arab Emirates, 3.4 United States, 3.7 Ukraine, 4.1 Kazakhstan, 3.8 Libya, 3.3 Venezuela, 3.0 South Africa, 3.7 Kazakhstan, 3.0 Nigeria, 2.8 Poland, 0.9 Nigeria, 2.8 Algeria, 2.4 Brazil, 0.9 Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration; and BP plc Statistical review of world energy Canada ranks second in oil reserves if oil sands are included.

10 Figure 19.5 The average U.S. citizen uses 7.55 tons per year Energy consumption per capita (metric tons oil equivalent) over 6.0 The average person in the world uses 1.68 tons per year

11 Figure 19.6 Ancient forest Time Decreasing moisture Increasing heat and pressure Peat Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Anthracite

12 TABLE 19.3 Top Producers and Consumers of Coal Production (% world production) Consumption (% world consumption) China, 39.2 China, 39.1 United States, 16.1 United States, 15.5 India, 7.8 India, 8.8 Australia, 6.0 Germany, 3.7 Russia, 4.9 Russia, 3.7 Data are for 2008, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.

13 Figure 19.7 Turbine Generator Boiler Cooling tower Cooling loop Coal bunker Condenser Pulverizing mill Filter Furnace Stack Ash disposal

14 TABLE 19.4 Natural Gas Top Producers and Consumers of Production (% world production) Consumption (% world consumption) Russia, 21.3 United States, 21.0 United States, 18.6 Russia, 15.2 Canada, 5.5 Iran, 3.8 Iran, 3.7 Japan, 3.2 Norway, 3.2 United Kingdom, 3.1 Data are for 2008, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.

15 Figure 19.8

16 Figure 19.9

17 TABLE 19.5 Top Producers and Consumers of Oil Production (% world production) Consumption (% world consumption) Russia, 11.8 United States, 22.3 Saudi Arabia, 11.6 China, 9.8 United States, 10.8 Japan, 5.2 Iran, 5.0 India, 3.6 China, 4.7 Russia, 3.4 Data are for 2009, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.

18 Figure Oil rig Oil well Gas cap (a) Primary extraction of oil Oil rig Oil well Seawater injection Gas injection Gas cap Pressure (b) Secondary extraction of oil Ocean floor Impermeable rock Oil in pores of rocks Ocean floor Impermeable rock Oil in pores of rocks

19 Figure 19.10a Oil rig Oil well Gas cap (a) Primary extraction of oil Ocean floor Impermeable rock Oil in pores of rocks

20 Figure 19.10b Oil rig Oil well Seawater injection Gas injection Gas cap Pressure (b) Secondary extraction of oil Ocean floor Impermeable rock Oil in pores of rocks

Figure 19.11 Distillation column Boiling temp.

21 Figure Distillation column Boiling temp. Less than 5ºC Product Butane ºC Naphtha ºC Gasoline Crude oil ºC Kerosene ºC Diesel ºC Lubricating oil ºC Fuel oil (a) Distillation columns Boiler Residue Gasoline (46.2%) (b) Distillation process Diesel fuel and heating oil (20.3%) Liquefied petroleum gases (10.0%) Jet fuel (7.8%) Heavy fuel oil (3.2%) Other (12.5%) (c) Typical composition of refined oil

22 Figure 19.11a (a) Distillation columns

23 Figure 19.11b Distillation column Crude oil Boiler (b) Distillation process Boiling temp. Less than 5ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC Product Butane Naphtha Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Lubricating oil Fuel oil Residue

24 Figure 19.11c Gasoline (46.2%) Diesel fuel and heating oil (20.3%) Liquefied petroleum gases (10.0%) Jet fuel (7.8%) Heavy fuel oil (3.2%) Other (12.5%) (c) Typical composition of refined oil

25 Figure Cosmetics, medicines, lotions, and soap Shower curtain Toothbrush Shower head Nylon and polyester clothing Plastic picture frame Light switch Pesticides and fertilizers Bicycle components Tires, upholstery, and automobile components Asphalt Gasoline Plastic lampshade Plastic cups and dishware Containers Nonstick coating on cookware Paraffin waxes on fruit, candy, and other food Plastic Shoes with Plastic storage Vinyl and plastic Home heating oil Blender and other wastebasket synthetic soles box laminate furniture to heat house small appliances Detergents, Polypropylene CDs and DVDs Components Linoleum cleaning supplies Toilet seat coat in TV and stereo flooring Components of stove and other large appliances

26 (b) Modern prediction of peak in global oil production Year Billion barrels per year Polar oil Deep-water oil Heavy oil Middle East Other Russia Europe Lower 48 U.S. states 30 (a) Hubbert s prediction of peak in U.S. oil production, with actual data Year Billions of barrels/year 1 Oil production (red area) 52.4 billion barrels Hubbert s prediction assuming a total of 150 billion barrels of discoverable oil (total area under curve) 2 3 Known oil reserves (orange area) 30 billion barrels Actual U.S. oil production 4 Hubbert s prediction assuming a total of 200 billion barrels of discoverable oil (total area under curve) Figure 19.13

27 Figure 19.13a Billions of barrels/year Known oil reserves (orange area) 30 billion barrels Oil production (red area) 52.4 billion barrels Year Actual U.S. oil production Hubbert s prediction assuming a total of 200 billion barrels of discoverable oil (total area under curve) Hubbert s prediction assuming a total of 150 billion barrels of discoverable oil (total area under curve) (a) Hubbert s prediction of peak in U.S. oil production, with actual data

28 Figure 19.13b Billion barrels per year Polar oil Deep-water oil Heavy oil Middle East Other Russia Europe Lower 48 U.S. states Year (b) Modern prediction of peak in global oil production

29 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 542

$more slowly) More dense layer (sound travels more quickly) Reflection paths (red) Refraction paths$

30 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 543 Vibration source Receivers Less dense layer (sound travels more slowly) More dense layer (sound travels more quickly) Reflection paths (red) Refraction paths (blue)

31 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 543 Total oil Technically recoverable oil Economically recoverable oil (at $40/barrel) Billion barrels of oil, estimated

32 Figure 19.14

33 Figure Billion metric tons of carbon/year Total Oil Coal Natural gas Year

34 Figure Power plant (emitting CO 2 ) Refinery CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Deep saline aquifer Abandoned coal seam CO 2 Oil or gas reservoir

35 Figure 19.17

Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 548 The Deepwater

effort, but the spill s impacts will last for years.

pelican YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Volunteer for cleanups of

Urge policymakers to strengthen regulations on offshore

36 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 548 The Deepwater Horizon spill disgorged over 200 million of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico where it fouled beaches, killed countless animals, and devastated fisheries and tourism. Thousands of people threw themselves into the cleanup effort, but the spill s impacts will last for years. Cleaning oiled beaches Oil slicks on surface Oiled brown pelican YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Volunteer for cleanups of oil spills in your region. Urge policymakers to strengthen regulations on offshore drilling. Limit your own oil consumption by driving less, driving a fuel-efficient car, eating local foods, reusing and recycling products, and supporting renewable energy.

37 Figure 19.18

38 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 550

39 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 551 Change in time spent in area 240% 200% 160% 120% 80% 40% 0% -40% -80% -120% All caribou Calves Distance from road (km)

40 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 551 Alaska Yukon Prudhoe Bay Area with most oil 1002 Area Central Arctic Herd calving grounds Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Main calving grounds of Porcupine Caribou Herd N.W.T. Alaska Yukon Range of the Porcupine Caribou Herd

41 Figure Million barrels of oil per day Production Consumption 0 Saudi Arabia Iran United States Germany Japan

42 Figure Crude oil prices (U.S. dollars per barrel) Dollar value of the day 120 Dollar value in 2006 Hurricanes 110 Katrina 100 & Iranian Rita 90 revolution 80 Gulf War 70 OPEC oil embargo U.S. invades 60 Iraq Recession Year

43 Figure Canada Eurasia United States 61 Mexico South and Central America 81 Africa Middle East Asia Pacific Australia 42

44 Figure Causes Consequences More powerful extraction technologies Greenhouse gas emissions Global climate change Government subsidies Failure to develop other energy sources More uses (plastics, etc.) Low prices Reliance on fossil fuels Depletion of fossil fuels Pollution of air, water, soil Extraction impacts Economic and political vulnerability Degradation of ecosystems Human population growth Growth in per capita consumption Limited nonrenewable supplies Poor fuel efficiency in autos Attempt to shift quickly to renewable energy sources if this fails, then... End to globalization; societies become localized Economic depression Economic loss Health impacts Social disruption Solutions As you progress through this chapter, try to identify as many solutions to our reliance on and depletion of fossil fuels as you can. What could you personally do to help address this issue? Consider how each action or solution might affect items in the concept map above.

45 Figure Average fuel efficiency (miles per gallon) Cars Both cars and trucks Trucks Model year

46 Figure Billion barrels per year Projected U.S. consumption Arctic Refuge: 7.7 billion barrels over 50 years Year

47 Figure Gasolinepowered engine 2 Generator 3 Electric motor 4 Power split 5 Batteries 6 Fuel tank device

48 Figure 19.26

49 Chapter 19, Unnumbered Table, Page 560 Hectares of land for fuel production H You 1,811 Your class Your state United States

Fuels Gaseous Liquid Solid. Nuclear. Electricity, Heating, and Cooling? Cheryl Gomez, PE, MBA, LEED AP BD+C

Fuels Gaseous Liquid Solid. Nuclear. Electricity, Heating, and Cooling? Cheryl Gomez, PE, MBA, LEED AP BD+C Cheryl Gomez, PE, MBA, LEED AP BD+C Fuels Gaseous Liquid Solid Nuclear Electricity, Heating, and Cooling? Source: US Energy Information Administration Solar, 0.2% Geothermal, 0.4% Petroleum, 1% Other Gases,